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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

1 33X20

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND EDITED BY MALCOLM BURR: D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, RB.N., E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., EDS. E-Z:S)) Ras: F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A,, H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. FIRES.) EAZ-S> G. T. BETHUNE-BAEER, F.7.8. F.R.E.S., Editor Emeritus, cnd

HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary.

———

VOL. LV (New Series). JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1943.

PRICE 12s 6d.

Special Index (with every Reference), 1s 6d.

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LigRrak®> {3,400 |

The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation.

SPECIAL INDEX.

ye eel UO BAN Ee) erie, lets. et. SS: VOL. LV. (New Series), 1943.

By

Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other Orders arranged by Species.

Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new to Science with two asterisks. COLEOPTERA. PAGE PAGE SMAVESUPI Stay CSD aiid, hose: seat Ab eee ane 109 WACOM CALOMAVIUNG, soc. 1 crvepedeceocedesneh 99 umbratus, Acanthomyops ..........:..... a1 Tenth Wace 2 ea eae epee DOVE SMAIESATIS An MESD Oy, .csz.2 ea tutta we eata ken 169, rae CHU emmmrcal UM HG OREN ES tees. ch, erie nse iciewosie me erases 99 MOOMNUR ORME Maree ace aescetiase saeco ones Lepetene vouiiene 84 SEI GTO 110 0228 On |< Ge Pr a 50 LEPIDOPTERA. Coleoptera of Middlesex, List of 43-4, abjecta, \ MaAMIGStV a 2. io. 2 ads. sas ss voeseo > 8 61-62 | abruptaria, Hemerophila ................. 36 Aime: WaASt Of. foo. s sc. le seereecndecs 73-{ absymthit,, Cucullia ) nile 20. Sie Goccimellidac, TAst) Of ...\..c...ccecee-c.-e+. ie Vt OGeOm” AEM YVAN CLLC USS 2.0.2.0. :.e-a7c-day 25, 40 @omylombidaes; List’ Of <.........2..-2--+0+: 43 | aegeria, Pararge ............... 16, 39, 103, 105 Endormmychidae, List. Of .s....-..4:,----9.0:: 44 | aegon (argus), Plebeius ............... 39, 104 Histeridae, List of ...... en ee itt Sars 4h AS CMMOUS. y ECCWIA Rss ccd, eace abate tone ares = 23 Nnmduldae, List Of ..:...c.c.c in 44 | agestis (medon), AVicia ...... 17 Phalaeridae, East Of 2... [. .c...Keieeoe- 44, | aglaia, Argynmis .............., 10, (1), 16, 120 qacelapiidae.. FASt Ol, ..0..cscsceccsntceae-ses: 43 | albida (tithonus ab.), Maniola ......... 104 Siephylinidae, Lists Of... Be au lom Nee | Clore og ROMP EERUS WP VALUCUIS! coscan.: ue os cenisee-cedeeees 112 PANANLA see eeeeceeeeeee etter teeeceees 47 alceae, Carcharodus, Erinnis ........... 40 DIPTERA. ene Heodes is EA Pattee Peeper ere 38 f beets 3 AP ea alepica (crataegi ab.), Aporia .......... 39 Fee es csititte ae ag." | alinalis (fulisinosalis), Pyzausta 1 ‘ , 87. 88 alpicola (hyperborea), Amathes ADS. 10 CORTES EEIS S NUCTOG OM 0s oc. jos dak Heke eweece (1) aiiaeae. SEEDS. AS cares a Alea Nee MTT IS Se sla ee me seas iaiow seeeeee 86 SO Eee OUI ric ok Pane Wak oe a ed 3) ee festiva, TeDhritis \......ccccccccccsecseseeseese- Be oe ee ee MIA ES eEVOUUGCILA is 2c tess sans con aek eee. 122 eee SSM ER SA Rt se Bet: ih a leucodontis,- Tephritis ............. 86, 87, 88 gous tae oe Es NS ross: ayghuc OTT SHH] PEEEE Le Oe I 36 Poh Whees Saat ge pec er ell Oh rz Anes eae aie er pie 28 rostrata, SEEN Cg chee 2 sts oe a 122 SEMEL OSs sy ene? s, Airing? ae SiylaiaeMUICOPNOra <M... 2k)-c.ccthecenecteon (1) eee DE SRT ie Ret oss ono a egy ETO all a ne Sieber ected Gelernter Tiana 72 2 eee ae aes 85. 87 aprilina, Giiposian vA PleGuay gee 37 oe a aaa, ilies laa : arcanias: Coenomyanplial - ee eee. 39 APCESLARIMICIIPACA We oes 03a epee eee 97, 98 HEMIPTERA arduinna, Melitaea ...... Perea, Aha shom Rte. 98 HOMER C9 Gee sey MRC avon chk oe See ndoldateon anes 03 ‘elareitaiceay Alabama! nc ee, . 112 DH OL NIKOXC NAL OICG Ke NG Ns lee a ae re eae ee Pe 53 argiolus, Lycaenesthes .................. 17. 38 argus (aegon), Plebeius .=............ 39, 104 HYMENOPTERA. atalanta, Vanessa ............ 17, 39, 105, 108 aceLvorum, Gepiouworar « 5.-4.2..>...- Si i aOmMatias, LMMhUreS | lee (2), 106 CESDNIMIM PREt a MOI = Nceee mee cree Su lEM Peciities hirer el OY (eva te Osan eee AARNE PRRs ne tame 92 chtonolasius, Acanthomyops ............ 63 | AULA A as ana © Sok scce ce oaceee posse ee 38 flavus, ACanthomyops ..........:...0... 13, 51 | aurifera (orichalcia), Plusia 145." 146 US Comme OUI Gale seen eoeee eee 13, 51, 63, 64 AEE UM Tae, MEMEO V CU VASs sea. cccs cease tec oaece Q7 laevinodes, Myrmica ....:..-0-es..... 63 auroradiata (phlaeas), Heodes ......... 17 UCC A CATIUNONNVODS. {scoot tee eee: 13 aAVerSai tain S LOE Mar ane es coke recta tet ecey cee 37 TRUE Wet SHO EA DIOL Wh Re ae Cerne cope ae 5 ok ed ipa 11 balbita (sindura ssp.), Melitaea ...... 98 TOMI Aer] O ys Meee oy Or oe nh pr ae CC 11, 109 barrettii (andalusica), Dianthoecia, ‘ruginodis, Myrmica .......... pile Goan OLerGD LEI TEGTARYGYO HEE VERB SR Bhe tetera 5 25 cer ery ee ae ie g scabrinodis, Myrmica ......:.........).. 51, 65 HaAioOnet SCOMMTAWHLAES) veh dles ee es oe 88

2, SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE [ PAGE bellargus, Polyommatus, Lysandra ll croceus, Colias =47--- 39, 100, 104, 105, 106 (CAV Gna n(aiiee fs CHUICUMELTA oh eran Me, Meee eeoeed 1 BO AAT

HEMbecitoOrmMIiss SSpMe Ela ye..c5-2- 22-25-52 28 cydippe (adippe), Argymmnis ... (1), (2), [HYDRA IMGVAGIIEY, . sassetossssodcooeoeaho“sbossesesce 16 i) (CA). “alifs al pe 0.0) [SUIT TBISIKOIN .cooacosscesnononcodssensantoar 37 Gynt lay 2h eede secs oee ates Mee eee 118, 119 bicruris (capsincola), Dianthoecia, Gamers) WWASSUS” sasscceseesFeeee ee eee eee Al 15 RS VIPIUMVOYO Wits Nyse eeaa ne Reco eBor Gareed wonoaaan Seon Cap lice eOMiiay Leese eee ee eee 39 THNCWISTONS,, (CEIPWLEG) Catasacodacoascosscsconpasoocucde 95 **decolorata (dominula ai.), Panaxia 48

bidentata, Gonodontis 37 pilineata, Euphyia, Camptogramma 26

ToniTanveGwMleyiss, JPIVISIEY poseoccsceccssossacsasec6eee 116 innmencia, (Imencamilley). IDE eee), Sesocosdaenceer 90 TOU Ctaletan Osstlvolmt bay eeersasceseceeece oe 110 DISTORT Ase CULO DUS meee eee cence es ere 37 Ipllenn@ bigs, JEOeVAO IME osreb caosscoadodoeenoe 37 TONE VAIB ERAS, (CWICDUUTIEY 22 scoscodaosenbeccceoe Sil, Ste) TOMAICICS),. IBAWISHIE) | Seocgoqnodsdacvesosatonseseocesnos 109 TOHPAGSISIKCEIS,, IBIETEHS, S.nocsdosssocoeoosdec (6) eel Os **britannica (lucipara ssp.), Euplexia 89 lelesaavenieh, (@joytsyel avoyen ce) OLS) | AsaeaRcseoesebeoes 38 **brunnescens (dominula ab.), Pan- LESS Sees wey tinct oe Gaon eh ee Ment SaaMecaaie 46 IBF VOJOMUIEY, 2 oa Sajand ancodesbonesaccdasee losacadsneda be 84 eaeca (tithonus ab.), Maniola ......... 10 eaeruleocephala, Episema, Diloba ia

c-album, Polygonia ... (6), 16, 17, 36,

103, 104, 105

callunae (quercus), Lasiocampa ...... 29 calybe (villida ssp.), Cynthia ............ 66 camilla, Limenitis ... (7), 39, 100, 103, 104

eapsophila, Dianthoecia, Harmodia 8 ‘CR OUMTTAYONIAY JPINOUIMNECIES! —coogadsbcsocaecc00s 110 capucina (oxyacanthae ab.), Miselia 37 CATA EAT CULAR Haas casas foe rneaaceoeee cern ccneecsoneet 107 Cardamimes. BuchlOeC iw ss... 15, 103, 106 eRVROY, WREYWMESISE) ‘seticsoncsveade 29. 39, 108, 111 (CRNEIMNICIICRY. -FATORVSINEY SAN se aogoassaccaioodoacses 113 PRVPIOIME Hh, INO UOC OUST ANE-G: coananocecanoosoenac 36 cassiope (epiphron f.), Erebia ............ 23 catina (comma ssp.), Pamphila, Hes-

TO CoA alee eet isos eeatiae cote alae Semen a 25 cervantes (tages ssp.), Erynnis, Niso-

TALEO VES ReGen a ned nce ere ean ane naa eda 25 chagoensis (villida ssp.), Cynthia ..... 66 CAN CIEECS MUS Vay eee ecccee eee eecne stint toh chenopodiava,, Oxthioliubiia ie. os eeen: 37 CHIGEOSAtAS | UAlbMiiNM arses eccceaeeeeeee ence =e sce. 37 IMIPSIUHIS VIRINDISTIZY Soncosoanaocaqoneonecdesenooods 37 eTbaD ie) TIMNEILURANES GocpooeanencosbanSssepasosacacce 39 GUT C CPAs EYSLULS Ue onee seet a sacrceseasciecibere aceleeiss 39 CUE ACO Or Way eeeseee. seseer ep atece nero eee 37 GUE CSU ATS PACE UIT Ay ee eee eee sea eee cise 36 conjuncta (dominula ab.), Panaxia .. 47 coerulata (impluviata), Hydriomena 97 MO ONDA A Oss Sones cence og wee ese aceaieeewmee site 17 OUMNH G OMA eeseet ee artee eens so eee ieee 25

**conspicua (lucipara ab.), Euplexia 90 “OOO ONG » pHOlTUNAD.S . Wee Aeaneoopoonaanscoacoee 106 coridon, Polyommatus, Lysandra 10,

142 43, (4), (5), (0); (8) 45; 55, 120

CLalaeois, AMORA s . pomeces sens sae cadses ae peeeles 39 ELEDUSCILLATIAL | FOGULO DUS ae eeeeer eee se 36 CHIPLAaTia: .COSGUMMAN Geers. mess mse ractecca 42 CHINANENSIS?, ERVOTACCIAN ee xeec.s+-nassc 2 20

desionaitay SOChiy Gian aaa eee 37 GETASA VA CEE pee sae eee see ee ee 20 DTAMNP AOC = (ELA ENO Mila) lessee seer eeeeee 84 hichyanas AMelibaeam essen. eee enone 39 **diluta (dominula a@b.), Panaxia .... 46 diniensis ‘sinapis vace), Leptidea ...... 39 dipsaceas, PEE OUTS eee eee eee eee 106 dolabraniay ela cogs eee eee 37 dominula, Panaxia, Callimorpha 48, 106, 107 GQOTUMIS-SAATCOMES! Biieesceccs sce sseorte occ oes caee 31 dromedarius, Notodonta ... 2, 11, 12, 37, 96, 102 Cuiplarisw ye ain SCS US meres seser eee nee 37 CLEA ORV SOMA teenies ceaen aaseen eaeeee 39 STOOP ONA A BTS) ONE soeek nee sordasenncebocosaonre 23 GIAO OCONEE. (COMUISTTP ES ooonaodsdescassne: 94 euphrosyne, Brenthis ........... 1 A032 104 excessa ({tithonus «ab.), Maniola, PIN EC PDMCIE LT phere ease ee epee hae ee 10 Exqoolbhiel., Wii woe. (OUMENE) “seccascecocconetocas: 28 falcatakiaes OLED aayue rer aes eee eee 37 ISCNE WEIS). LBIUIC ONE,” scneosodcancebecesoacocces 36, 37 renestrellay GE MGGOSIS Wesco eee ceeesee: ap ee) HOP SALTS 2 BS OV Se ae eee setase echoes ee eraeee 1923) IUMEICOEW EY, ~ ALIAVEIEEY sgsncsenonconcooss RENEE seca eSHC 122 flava (linea): “Adopocay 2... 25, 40 MAACO seas Cita eee ee 357/ **flavoteberdina (rossica ab.), Pan- Sed ee wee Feel mie ert eee 48 **flavomarginata (dominula ab.), PAM aT AR See ee Nae hues os ene 47

fuliginosalis (alpinalis), Pyrausta. puree 38)

foliginosa, Phragmatobia see 107 talVvata.. (CUdaAnla + ho) eee ee eee 109 furcifera, Graptolitha ............ 94, 95, 97 HPC Ae NOSEUMA) pee nose meee eee ee 29 fusconebulosa (velleda), Hepialus .... 40 IR OUSKEM OUNCE, ANORCIES) “sScanacndoccoséaunoacece 9

galathea, Satyrus, Melanargia ... 16, 24, 40, 55, 94, 120

galene (galathea ab.), Satyrus ......... Q4 allies, (Ganeekoin 775)).. AATEMCTIA, soascsecdaconscsce 38 xeyoniiae). TEASE, ~osecascconea- (3), 106, 109, 110 ganomella. (lapella), Acedes ............... 9 SOMA VAT ANCE cals eis oe cena Nie 8 GEOMELLIMES | Gece we ock Baceaere sae eee eee 20 ST ViaOk: Clera a eae ress st csaasehee meeeo eee nee 36 @lantcea lan Cixi yeas cco ne eee 37 Gilby ganas, “IB ICUIONEY Loo écccocsecsHsnasnasdobece 357) SPOSSUMAM Atal. AD LANA SUnesess eee nen etes sees 26

hamstediensis, Cynthia 50, 65, 76, 118, 119

lneeiray ((WKS)S Sere one: fa. sesh Aseadeaans 20, 21, 40 helice (croceus), Colias ......... 39, 100. 104 15 ey oy teh 2 Were om eaeaneeadeccee code codosoaqaased 21, 40 FIGSPOrivGaene, roe eee ces ee eore aes 441

SPECIAL

PAGE PANG Wesabe ee ocevsavcecener seen scnecenb ens’ 65 Mispidaria. AMOCHEIMNA.€ 0.2.0.5. cccccneene 37 hispulla (jurtina race), Maniola ...... 40 Januhanoulii, le iey oyifay lib Gy eeRenpsareRanee 10a Dale ZANE a Al hyperantus, Aphantopus ...... 17, 104, 120 icarus, Polyommatus ... (6), (7), (14),

38, 55, 105 icteritia (fulvago), Cirrhia ............ S778 "inenss, Sie NGO, “Gooseseagasepesasensbbpacsoueeeae 38 *illustris (dominula @b.), Panaxia .. 46 FAME Iat ee A GUCLANT AY IS easendeasescesce onsen. 24 MMA Aan, CUMATLA ~...cacc.osckosecscee sesame 26 impudens, Leucania, ............ 93, 100, 101 MGA MAE Maes AULCU aS 5.0: deaase-adecteen te. 13 infra-conflua (paphia @ab.), Argynnis 104 insignata (venosata), Eupithecia ...... “36 interrogationis, Plusia ............... 109, 110 io, Vanessa, Nymphalis ... 36, 69, 75, 100 TOMES NOS els decoc a faces: sokaneceedeeeneceencencesten 109 iphis (icarus), Polyommatus ............ 38

jacobaeae, Callimorpha, Hypocrita ... (2) **junctasuffusa (dominula ab.), Pan- axia jurtina, Maniola ... (7), (8), (9), 16, 26, HACE HOTCPAMA 0. i.0..-.:eccveessere 37 lapella (ganomella), Acedes, Tinea ... 9

HOW OOMAMAMPINIVSSUA, .css.cccsseasecahocoses eter 42

lepida {carpophaga), Dianthoecia, TEIAVTATIND TIE eres ee ae 8

lepida, Parasa (Limacodid) .............. 103

lepontica (pseudathalia ssp.), Melitaea. 123 leucomelas (galathea ab.), Satyrus ... 24 HeuCupMaecaria. Mratbis— os. c reece... 36 leucostigma (secalis ab.), Helotropha 37 leucotaenia (aethiops ab.), Erebia 23, 24

MID AAI EXe aS COUTOMUCT VEX ae cst oc ee cee dese 1 abe MiGMeMariay SE UMITNCIGIS: 2.2555.0-40.o-c-oceueeee 37 lignosellus, Elasmopalpus ................ 112 MTOM ACO CMMAG 2 sarees ce. fe ceac detainee se! (7), 101 nie ORANG OMOEA! ee as. geees see oeees Uy - ica OS ier AtaAs DOTASIA, 55. .s0eck cei seeeiee ee. 24 lM aae OS CMOVOGNIS A= oss. 2082 sctee see oetees 37

livia (myrtale in error), Hypolycaena 26

LivorniGar "Geller! o)oo.cc..6 hee 76, 77, 106 Homiceraes AyGaenma: =... .ois0 eee. Bi. 1x0) MGA eNO AIMS aioe NO eo on hog 9, 37 MiGCSnSHesEnVOIBAC CIAL s2.osescti a lettan lesen Daly Dail lacertinaria, Drepana ....: 5 OREO aE om coae 37 Mruteniaicasy PMOL XI: oo. 61. cwivevaseesaedeenws 89 TE ANIA SCVCIE: iso. 6ee tan ote esecccecuntunes 36 enema Se SENNA: ss cee ee AY) TUES, ACHE ACO) Caer eee een gee se yank ek 37 PVG ACTING ACI nape Nl ace a gl 61 lychnitis, Cucullia ... 4, 5, 7, 28; 31: Seat, G4 aie, MS, ily TOMEKCMME NOY dine ad Bee) ON NUON Alcs eee ae ae nea 39 IMAvAWARICUS., “PMNASSUS) fests eee. oke. 44 Malvae, Hesperia .................. ie 2550 103 mMalivOldes:,) HIESPETIA, , o6......- hese ecocececs. p43) Margaritata, Campaea ..................0.. 36 TIMER TIME eG! TEMPS ANAS). © ses sn cnecndoscoocecses 36 Himauras: MOEMO" pe ttc ae 39 TR AUGLG OS 0A os sce RY ADD eel UES AN Te 38

INDEX. a PAGE megera, Pararge ...... Wi oO, AO 1217 MelAaMODSISt eA Tia... 5. meee eee ee 101 IMICIITAlG ES By. Serre Bee tae he hte SP ny 97 MMETV UC ae Pi CiyiGMialete Nese eee eeen erence 36 messingiella, Eidophasia-—.................. 92

inetallica (coridon ab.), Polyommatus 10

meniculosa, eMlosophora =e... 19 ION IST, W UI tts Wiz \ey eee at ee ee a a een ai DKON UE EE),, « LENO SIG) Ws at seboaadoncdonebeene ile allay aie)

monoglypha (polyodon), Xylophasia 19 37

ave) Ouldey! SUUEN Mbs pee Beh ane Wek a cates Glee | 15, 109 nebulata (obliterata), Euchaeca ....... 97 TONGAN, IEINAGIERYEYENE a a roanseneckenuacece: 20 **nigradonna (dominula ab), Panaxia 45 nigrina (camilla ab.), Limenitis ...... 100 MNO GLUE Ae NOMIOpnilapepe eee 109 INOGUUH GAGE Aiths chai" 2 ©: ate Sree.) ber 19 MUD bast Cabocailaw. ewes ele 105 OveliSCalay ELE es Sle 192 obliterata (nebulata); Euchaeca ....... 97 oblonga (abjecta ab.), Mamestra ...... 8

obscura (viminalis ab.), Cleoceris ... 3 ocellaris, Xanthia 7 **ocellata (dominula ab.), Panaxia .. 47 ochracea (capsophila ab.), Dianthoe- cia, Harmodia

Bo Ears enn hath tae stats FE 8 OCHraGea ee OCiiri awe weve eee et eee 91 ochracea (aethiops ab.), Erebia ....... 23 ONONLGISS-PaTeClOpa esses. eee 21 orichalcea (aurifera), Plusia ...... 115, 116 orientalis (dorilis, 72), Hieodes!....=.. 38 GE nAG hiya @yaMiiiniel a cee enone ey Oleg 65 OED OPUS Raya ee ee ae 36 Oxavacanthiae a MiSehiaw -ssee: aes we ee 37 palaemon, Carterocephalus .............. 26 pallida (xerampelina ab.), Atethmia, GieEbiaed 0's. 5 Oe ees oe, een ae 8 paludis, ERAT AC GRAN sc Pte ot og. 20

pamphilus, Coenonympha ... (1), (7),

PAMGOPASHALEYNNIS ..cecccceesecchcccee ccc. 39 paphia, Argynnis ... (4), (2), ( (7),

(10), 17, 74, 103, 104%, 120 napilionaria, Geometra. 2... 2)... 2, 96 parthenias, Brephos

BP ON EB doe iteet HG. WS: DaVOMiaee SalUNremnicn cect.) -e ele See mne ee 106 Del eras Ee OUMIS. asi cee cee ae 77, 106 IEICE), = BME OTOININIG) o- eoekocoaeeccsseccucestd ee. 37

phlaeas; Heodes *.. 16, 17, 22,'38, 103, 105

pilercella, Acedes. “Linea... 9. (11) PEELS Pi Peart 20h Auth Ok See We ren, tee 15 | OU aes Wawel BAT EN Ge ea a Re we De Le 68 Mlagiata, Anaibis i. 4.) oc. ee 37, 105 Dlantaginis, Parasemia ....:00..*..... 107 plexippus = menippe, Danaus ......... iS: ST SUageaes eer tre tet es BET, Wy 109, 115 1AM UBICeTU E> ee 1S eae tae Re UR ee CNS et 13 polychloros, Nymphalis ... 39, 91, 103, 10% 144 POPU. eS Poeciocampta’ 20 ee 38 poLcelluss DerOpeiay owe ae: 37 OTCCRSIE GEN Abs e Fol BY ey ac yk Ve aaame i eek cae Oa 37 procida (galathea f.), Satyrus .......... Q4

*““privata (dominula ab.), Panaxia ... 46

4 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE PAGE prunata, Lygris sue a an eee a ene Sa ets 3/7"): TemMerata, — ata ets pail esses ere sence 37 PAULI RSET NOM 2980) o aces e se cee Sey ene 41, 15 | templi, Dasypolia ...........0... 69 pseudathalia, Melitaea ................-... 123 | tetradactylus, Pterophorus ............... 110 pseudospretella, Borkhausenia ......... 9) \thapsophaga,, Cuctiitahae cs... .-- 31, 33 SIS SAGCTOIMICHA + fesscectct oud aea.sueereser 37 0|. thersamon, Heodes (2) ieee gee nee 38 pudibunda, Dasychira ....2.2.-:..-43:--- 37 thulensis (humuli ab.), Hepialus ...... 40 pulchellata, Eupithecia NE eae ea 26, 37 | tillae, Dilina sooetsasaczea- pace ye ee (12) PUMelima PIMSIA, 12.1202 Gscs., eee cee 419 | tithonus, Maniola, Epinephele ... 9, TOVSISITE an C10 aie: aM ie ora ee oe ae Sigal aan (7), 16, 100, 104, 111 “ore TIRED tn a a oh ie a0 | PP TIVOUIMNG SM aide od acces oet sce vemmeee bee oee eh eee 14 quadra, Oeonistis, Eilema ................ Nyy Bete iN Peaks hig SR ee a, Gea 20 quadripunctaria (hera), Callimorpha 91 | SODOS MALS ALD ALD YL ai yore oe tae 2 ; : | transal pina. 1 Gv Gacital, ia.5-c. tae oe eee ible quercus, Lasiocampa ............... 22 PE Ie (gt fay A we js quercus, Thecla, Strymon ... 37, 104, 120 | foe a ONE rey teres 17 3 CU Ae PACT AS sees. -0- eee -- 16,103, 105, 113 | Pe se nat SOY 2 aoa ae ee ie mupitinecia 37 | turcica (galathea r.), Satyrus, —— a, i eee Melaniar gia’ 5 eke og ees 24, 40 See. (gemina ab.), P | unicolor (xerampelina ab.). Atethmia, ses gO ap POD SR Se Cn sia caer i ae C5 Gl GEFs Vote eat ane eae RS tA A & eae ecae a Boopa Faas voice ocaeHE a unipuncta, Meucamiates 28.) eee 94 se a ene PAPAS OO Oe Ze urticae, Aglais ... (2), 16, 36, 75, 103, 5 a, ACNODId, FiastOllis.........eeeeeee if se Aeuane eae 104, 105, 120 chapiol, SURE TEE Jac db Deira! as Ate obs | valezina ‘paphia 7.). Ar@ynnis (13), 75, 104 ee caree age ab.), Panaxia ee Weel cohal TRE Gia eae eee ee elses 122 ie a canes PUEIE CETTE) | fete soaaade a velleda (fusconebulosa), Hepialus .... 40 eee Sohne Dea eek ch oolceaceot ges ueedtAen = venata (sylvanus), Adopoea, Ochlodes, ee L SSE a See eee 48 67. (venosa in error) 25 eure ee A rt 105 | venosata (insignata), Eupithecia 36, 37, 68 ae : ta ie ie verbasci, Cucullia ... 4, 5, 7, 14, 31, 32, cle Ca ig ROE a aie ate serene races ses sesseceses Cc 33. 3h. 35. TA. AD. 49 50 79 417 “17, 5 4 ( 4 2 ¢ ” 3 2 : ee 5 : ene ap.), Ateth . versicolor, Procus, Miana, Oligia .. 27, 28 ee ee REC oii dps a ak 2 | verticalis: (Turalis) Ss BOLYS s2.52-25-.ceeee 121 erik (2 ngs oO ed ot St AORN pe tae an eveniicHlaiar, TeNISMal seer Be aia ae Se ss 116 TATNOICR OIE, ANNE) -aohangeeeorececboaoccodoe 36 ys : i ss : Ae MATICAL NE G1 As. ceerreee eect 77 ruralis (verticalis), Botys .................. 121 illid ie ee (3), ue es TMS TCC ENLOMO PSI eee aesce sce seo oeeeea scene 9 WAU ME HSE SS) Nene (OMNES saccharalis, Diatraea .........0.0ccc DE ae ee tonal BU UE Dy Te ee scrophulariae, Cucullia 4, 5. 14, 25, 31, | sen ey BRETT EE ee aaa : 32, 33, 34, 35, 41, 44, 45, 50, 56, 72 | Violacea (aethiops @D.), Erebia ...... 23, 24 2 Z 2 ; z : z "79, 79. 17 | virescens, Hepialus, Charagia .......... Ad ore 5 bari i} MieeHUO NAS SUPA MIKO! 35 ss sccudssosecscerson- 7 scrophulariphaga, Cucullia ......... 32, 00 : 3 : He eo 2 ; : es a SEG AM SHMPAID AIINGA Sas cd acicdecatencaaenosesenss 37 TVS Se CUSED E re Selene ae DECIIUMIST sls-..-c-ctuessceeeeoseee eases 103 semele, Eumenis, Satyrus ............ ALO sequanus (apollo ssp.), Parnassius ... 123 | ODONATA. RUMAH SELMA L A dit Sitee- 2a) nent hee 77, 92 | cyathigerum, Enallagma ................ 26 Says) SMELLS Ar yes hace eae eee ee 39 | danae, SOMO CYSTS ONAN beens as eater ooo 26 Sey eTa Wy ODA AL WC he ane oe oso ae apr 37 UMUURVORER TS CAERI MME cece cibdvacioessebbeaeaccne soe. 26 SY AVANT C BYE © Sas aaacsksnsasdsdensqsecoade ced 19, 838 sphinx, Brachionyebal t2.00.)...6:5.-.» 36, 37 : stellatarum. Macroglossum ...... 106, 109 ORTHOPTERA. stentaenia (camilla ab.), Limenitis .. 100 Wie ge A : REE Sins SEN Un On Lame 36. 37 | cinerea “PMOMAOpPteRa’ she i..525-62 00: see s0 Thal **subcapucina (oxyacanthae av.), | eriseoaptera,, PhHowi@dopieraneees eee. TL Mala 90 haseanls Yi Wey Pa ak O) GLEN Ora 7 20) Se ee re emi cae, SEMA NS ce | 71 **ehitalica (dominula ab.), Panaxia 45 Pa Ab GIEUS i ees ean: Sas st ee ew senna 71 suffusa (andalusica a@b.), Harmodia, PUAMTMNOC Clay eee cece eee ee eat co ame cee 8 sylvanus (venata), Adopoea ......... 25, 40 MISCELLANEOUS. eee Bienes Sec wg: pein 7, | H¥aroptillidae (Caddis) 1.0.0.0... 19 SKaMIMORn HIgh LeXeTAKeZ UNE) pebesccoddasnBooneca.09 68 syringella Xanthospilopteryx ........... 85 AbpevenanVoyernnayepKObeye ino oGaAsenconeanoducsdunon: Beht 2a0 CORRECTION IN INDEX. tages, Nisoniades ../......... AOS Lees, Frank H., for 45 read 115, p. .156

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No. 1

JANUARY 1943

ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD

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*' MAR it 1943

- JOURNAL OF VARIA tON

EDITED with the assistance of

MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. 2 ; T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.R.ES., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. a Safeomershs H. E. PAGE, F.R.ESS J. E. COUN, J.P., F-R.ES. mae ee Sar ss Poti 3S DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S8., F.R.E.S. ; 4- Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.

Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, Ea eS. F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary.

2a _ CONTENTS.

_ SUBSTITUTE FOODPLANTS, P, B, M. Allan, M.A, F. Ba. Ss ves — — “ AN ARTIST'S NOTE,” * An ‘Old Book- MAKE 2 ———— 2 5 ay ee * _ CUCULLIA oe IN BRITAIN, E. A, Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., eS F.R.E.S, i. nu $s : am NOTE ON MR WIGHTMAN’S ARTICLE ON CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE, Dow a Bainbrigge Fletcher. F.Z. S.,. F.L.S., F.R.E.S. ne at ee NOTES ON BRITISH NOCTUAE, A. aE Wightman —... ee s Ko sag : ARCEDES (TINEA) PIERCELLA, BENCT., IN BRITAIN, S. Wakely... «. 9

a ‘COLLECTING NOTES : Notes on Variation from the Worthing Museum, Rev.

e G. Wheeler, M.A., F.R.E.S.; Form metallica of L. coridon, H. A. Leeds; Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon and Ants, Id.; Late Emergence of Noto- ON ir Om CHa PINS: Ja BL LITIR yiee oea Baw eae eas AE Gee ee ee

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a SPECIAL INDEX.

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Che Entonolugists Record

AND Journal of Dariativn. VOL. LV. 15th JANUARY 1943. No. 1. Fan OF CO 13, 520 SUBSTITUTE FOODPLANTS. rns e By P. B. M. Axzan, M.A., F.S.A\ : 1945 -ISKAn ae

Mr Wiltshire’s supplement to my note on this subject (Ent. Rec., liv, 63) is interesting, though I fear he must have read my first three sen- tences somewhat cursorily. The common element in the scents secreted by congeneric plants might be capable of chemical analysis; but since the scents of congeneric plants may well be isomers, the task of the analyst would be a somewhat laborious one. Not only can the addition of a single carbon atom to the molecule alter a scent so radically that our own imperfect olfactory organs can readily discern the difference (e.g. camphor, cedar, musk and civet), but a different grouping of the atoms in the molecule sometimes has the same effect (e.g. bisaboline (bergamot), zingiberine (ginger), and selinine (celery)).

Possibly all biochemists may not agree with Mr Wiltshire when he says that ‘‘ the texture of the leaves of a plant is the merest detail com- pared with something that has its roots in the common associated evolu- tion of plant and insect.’’? Even the differences between the upper and lower parenchymata of the same leaf are of vital importance to many larvae. Look at the structure of an average leaf, e.g. Populus nigra, L., in transverse section. On the upper surface there is first of all an outer single layer of cells, the epidermis. The external wall of each of these cells has become thickened and hardened and forms a cuticle, a protective covering in fact. Beneath this is a layer of palisade cells arranged like a series of bricks on end. These are closely packed to- getner with no spaces between them. Beneath these again is the spongy tissue, a mass of irregularly shaped cells several layers thick, separated from one another by large spaces full of air and water vapour. These Spaces open on the under surface of the leaf by means of valves, the stomata. In the spongy tissue are the veins which carry water and

mineral salts in solution from the roots. By osmosis water passes from

these veins into the spongy tissue and to the spaces between the cells.

To the emergent larva the difference between the upper palisade cells and the lower spongy tissue must be very marked. Unless it is special- ized for the purpose the larva may well find it impossible to penetrate the hard upper cuticle with its jaws. In the case of those species whose larvae, in the first stadium, eat the lower parenchyma of deciduous trees and shrubs it is the maxillae which do most of the work; for the shape of the labrum prevents the mandibles from doing much more than tearing the surface of the leaf sufficiently for the maxillae to chew it. It is only in a later stadium, when the larva begins to eat the edge of the leaf, that the mandibles play the chief role in feeding, the notched labrum serving to hold the edge of the leaf in position so that the man- dibles can brte across the leaf effectively, the maxillae holding the leaf

2 PNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15/1/1943

wher the mandibles are open in addition to SURE with their task of chewing.

Thus the hard upper cuticle may present a formidable obstacle to the infant larva. The lower parenchyma, on the other hand, presents no such difficulty, and the spongy tissue is open soft stuff, with lots of that most vital necessity for a larva—water. Larvae of Pheosia tremula, Clerck, confined to the upper side of a Black Poplar leaf will die of starvation; if placed on the upper side and left to their own devices they will crawl to the underside. At least that has been my experience on several occasions.

There is another and most important point. The palisade cells con- tain different proteins from those found in the spongy tissue. There- ~ fore, even if the emergent larvae of certain species are able to eat the wrong parenchyma they will, presently, die, because they secrete enzymes which are specialized for the -digestion of the proteins of one particular parenchyma only.

This matter of substitute foodplants is not at all a simple matter, and very much more than an ‘‘ ancestral essence ’’ is concerned. Thorpe (1929) concluded from biological, genetic, and morphological evidence that there may be two or more biological races within a single species, each race selecting a particular foodplant. Craighead has shown that when a species has been reared for several generations on one of several alternative host plants, the progeny will tend to select the same host plant on which they were reared. Thus the much larger question of adaptation may here be sometimes involved. It is quite possible that there may be various strains of a particular species in a particular locality, some strains feeding upon one host plant, others upon others. I suspect, from various observations over several years, that this is, sometimes at least, the case with Geometra papilionaria, L. (On the other hand, I have found larvae of Notodonta dromedarius, L., on ad- joining bushes of alder and birch which may or may not dive) derived from the same moth.

It is also possible, as Chapman (1931) points out, that in any given species there may be many heterozygous strains with all the possible combinations of host plant preferences. If this is the case, there may be a selective action of the environment in eliminating all the progeny which have a tendency to choose other host plants than those upon which they hatch. This would lead to the progeny which survive choos- ing again the same host plant on which they were reared.

In parenthesis, I may point out here that the nutritive value of the different parts of a leaf vary greatly and, what is more, it may vary from one hour of the day to another, depending upon whether the con- tents of the leaf are essentially starchy or higher in proteins. Thus a ‘‘ substitute foodplant ’’ might be a congener of which the leaves have the identical nutritional value at the particular time of day when the larva feeds as have the leaves of the customary foodplant.

The ecological side of the matter, which Mr Wiltshire rightly stresses, is also highly involved; for it is the chemical constituents of its cde ate surroundings no less than of its food which constitute the strongest bond between a larva and its environment. Water is of vital import- ance to an animal which contains it to the extent of some 80 per cent. of the total body weight, and the state of the water in any given habitat

& u } y 4 a

ey es

“‘AN ARTIST’S NOTE.”’ 3

depends upon the electrically charged particles (ions) of its molecules that give it acidity or alkalinity. The body of the larva must be attuned to the HP of its environment no less than to that of its foodplant. This may well be one of the reasons why a larva eschews in one habitat a foodplant which it devours in another.

Mr Donisthorpe’s note (Ent. Rec., liv, 87) is particularly interesting, since beetles preceded moths—and flowering plants—by some two hun- dred million years. So there can be no question here of ‘‘ something that has its roots in the common associated evolution of plant and insect.”’

‘‘ AN ARTIST’S NOTE.”

May I, with a lifetime’s experience of book-production and _ book- illustrating, add a few words to Mr Siviter Smith’s interesting article under the above heading? His descriptions of the modern processes, photo-litho and half-tone, are very good; but he omits mention, plainly on the score of expense, of the only two modern processes which are satisfactory from the scientist’s point of view. The half-tone three or more colour process, while satisfying artistic requirements, can never hope to be a success where scientific work is concerned, because its basis, as Mr Siviter Smith so lucidly explains, is photography through a fine metal screen. This results in the colour being deposited on the paper in dots. Therefore lines must always be reproduced by a series of dots.

Perhaps the best entomological illustrations recently produced by this process are the plates in Mr Frohawk’s Complete Book of British Butterflies. But look at any of these plates through a lens: you will see that the reproductions are composed of coloured dots and that no structural details appear. The antennae are represented by rows of dots. So these beautiful illustrations serve one purpose only—identifica- tion by the naked eye. To the man of science who wishes to examine the anatomical structure of an insect through a lens they are valueless.

Lithographic work can be very good indeed; but, as Mr Siviter Smith points out, the modern photo-litho process has none of the fineness of detail obtained by hand work. Some years ago, when I was touring the Continent, visiting every engraver of repute, I watched that great lithographer Guhl of Frankfort printing from stone in seventeen colours. The result would have been mistaken by many for an original pastel portrait. But the weakness of hand work, so far as entomology is con- cerned, is that the reproduction is of an artist’s drawing, not of an actual insect; consequently, the accuracy of the reproduction depends entirely on the fidelity of the artist’s work, that is to say, on the like- ness of his drawing to the insect drawn. That is why the illustrations in Barrett’s eleven volumes vary so much in quality. The same applies to aquatint, which was the process employed in Humphreys’ and West- wood’s books.

The two processes to which I referred at the beginning of this note are colour-gravure and coloured collotype. Up to some fifteen or so years ago (I do not know what the position is to-day) the only firm in this country possessing the (German) colour-gravure machine was the Sun Engraving Company of Watford. This firm once reproduced for

4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1943

me a water-colour drawing by David Cox so accurately that it was quite difficult to distinguish the original from the reproduction, even with a lens. So far as | remember, the proofing and preliminary work on the copper, before any printing was done, cost me £64. Perhaps this was because I was very exacting. The size of the engraved surface was about 10 x 7 in. Since no screen is used, and even the finest of lines are etched on the copper, this process is as near perfection, = the scientist’s standpoint, as we can come at present.

Colour-collotype, when produced by an artist who is given a free hand and no price stipulated, is also excellent. But it is exceedingly diffeult, and now that Donald Macbeth is dead I do not know of any- body in this country who is capable of doing it really well. The gela- tine film from which the printing is done is affected by every change of weather, and when six or more colours are used (each colour having to be printed in the same atmospheric condition as regards humidity and aridity and temperature) it can be imagined that neither time nor ex- pense must be the essence of the contract. I once produced a crown quarto book for a member of the Royal family in which the illustrations were in seven-colour collotype, and I think the cost worked out at about 2s 6d for each pull of each plate: The subjects were painted silk and fine goldsmiths’ work, and the results were very good indeed.

These two processes obviously cannot be considered where cost is a matter of moment; but an entomologist of means who wishes the illus- trations in his book to depict the actual insect with the greatest possible fidelity would do well to consider them. Perhaps I may add in this con- nection that publishers usually go the wrong way about in producing a de luxe book. They tie the printer and engraver down to estimates and consider how they can save a shilling here and a shilling there. The - wise producer of editions de luxe does exactly the opposite: he spends as much as possible on the production; then—and not before—fixes the published price, with strict regard to his market (which he has pre- viously been at some pains to assess and locate). When I was in busi- ness I produced several books at twenty guineas each. One of them, I remember, was over-subscribed months before publication. It cost me about three thousand pounds to make, and the profit exceeded a thou- sand. On another occasion I paid an artist (a Royal Academician) £600 for decorating a book, and got my money back with interest. There is ‘‘ always room at the top,’’ and. a magnificent book will always command a market. The producer of expensive books who counts the cost first of all and keeps every expense down as low as possible is likely to burn his fingers—perhaps very badly. The rich artistic world is a discerning one.

As I greatly dislike personal publicity I trust that you will allow me to subscribe myself ‘‘ AN Otp BooK-MAKER.’’

CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE IN BRITAIN. By E. A. Cockxaynz, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.

Mr A. J. Wightman in the December issue asks for evidence that (. scrophulariae, Capieux, is a species distinct from C. verbasci, L., and (. lychnitis, Rbr. I think he will be convinced that this is so if he

CUCULIIA SCROPHULARIAE IN BRITAIN. 5

reads the excellent article by G. Durand in Lambillionea, 1933, 33, 124, from which the following statements are taken. The young larvae of scrophulariae and verbasci are dusky blue, duller than those of lychnitis, which are yellow. The ground colour of ihe adult larva of scrophulariae is bluish or greyish-blue, that of verbasci bluish, and of lychnitis yel- lowish-green. In verbasci, apart from the main pattern there are numerous little black dots and transverse lines, which are not present in the other two species. The black dorsal transverse marks meet in the middle line in lychnitis, but do not meet in scrophulariae, so that in this species there is an uninterrupted longitudinal line of ground colour clearly visible.

Mons. Durand kindly sent me some larvae of scrophulariae from Bourg-sous-La Roche, and in some of them the black dorsal marks did meet, so that this character is not constant. I[ noticed, however, that in all of them there was a dark grey transverse line at the intersegmental junction of the abdominal somites, lying a short distance in front of the black dorsal marks. Unfortunately, it is difficult to see in the living larva, though very obvious in the blown one. It is a very valuable means of differentiating between the larvae of these two species.

Durand discusses the biology of the three species. In Vendée the larvae of verbasci and scrophulariae are full grown in June, or even in May, though late ones may be found up to the end of July, whereas those of lychnitis are much later and are found full grown in August and September. He believes that the food-plant of scrophulariae is invariably Scrophularia aquatica or S. nodosa. Berce records Verbas- cum blattaria, but Durand has never been able to find a larva on any species of Verbascum. The larva of lychnitis prefers Verbascum nigrum, but will eat other species, and is not infrequently found on Scrophularia nodosa; that of verbasci eats various species of Verbascum and Scrophul- aria aquatica, and sometimes feeds on S. nodosa.

He says that imagines of scrophulariae have a brownish colour, more like that of verbasci than lychnitis, which is grey, and that Culot has rendered it admirably in his Noctuelles. Ali three species-are recognis- able, but only when they are in perfect condition and recently bred. Boursin, who has studied the genus very carefully, also says that he can distinguish the imago of scrophulariae from that of either of the other two. In general appearance it is more like lychnitis than verbasci. The genitalia are too much alike to be of great assistance. It may be true that dealers have often sent continental larvae and imagines of _verbasci and lychnitis as scrophulariae, but this is no proof that the latter does not exist. Many years ago Staudinger and Bang-Haas sent me a blown larva of scrophulariae, which I put aside as lychnitis, but on examining it again after I had received living larvae from Mons. Durand I found the characteristic grey intersegmental line of scrophul- ariae. As in my case, mistakes may have been made by the recipients and not by the dealers.

I will now consider the status of scrophulariae as a British species. There seems to me to be no doubt that the four larvae figured by Buck- ler (vol. vi, pl. xcvii, and described on page 68) are genuine scrophu- lariae. They are the right colour and the continuous dorsal longitudinal line of ground colour between the black marks is very distinct, and in

6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1943

one it is very wide. The faint blackish transverse lines are probably due to the method of reproduction and represent folds of skin and not pigment. They were found on Scrophularia nodosa with a number of others and were full grown in early July 1867. Doubleday sent them to Buckler and presumably the series in his collection, all unlabelled, was bred from the larvae he kept. Tutt had a series of reputed scrophu- lariae, bred from larvae taken by him at Cuxton on S. nodosa. As he had Buckler’s figures to guide him, it is probable that they were cor- rectly identified. The imagines are rather larger than the average lychnitis. The old records from the Breck sand may be correct, but proof is lacking.

Mr A. J. Wightman says ‘‘ we have not an iota of proof that C, scrophulariae is a good species.” I hope this will convince him and other sceptics that we have ample proof that it exists and has occurred in Britain. »

NOTE ON MR WIGHTMAN’S ARTICLE ON GUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE.

By T. Barnsricce Fiercuer, F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.R.E.S.

It seems to be one thing to affirm or deny the occurrence of Cucuilia scrophulariae in Britain, regarding which I state no opinion, and quite another to deny, as Mr Wightman apparently does, the existence of a definite species known as Cucullia scrophulariae. In this Mr Wightman is In opposition to the whole body of students of Lepidoptera outside the insular boundaries of the ‘‘ British List.”

In 1775 Schiffermiiller (Schmett. Wien, p. 312, footnote) referred to a ‘* Noctua scrophulariae ”’ but gave no description beyond saying that its larva was distinguishable by its mode of life and ‘‘ some dorsal mark- ings [durch . . . einige Riikkenzeichen],’’ so that his name cannot be accepted as valid. It seems doubtful whether Schiffermiiller had bred or seen the moth of his caterpillar; anyway, Fabricius made no mention of it in redescribing the Wien Verz. species for his Mantissa (1787). In 1801 (Wien Verz., ed. it, I, 219) flliger merely repeated Schiffermiiller’s remarks and apparently did not know any more about any stage of the insect. ,

The first valid description of Noctua scrophulariae was apparently that by Johann Stephan Capieux in Naturférscher, xxiv, p. 91, No. 1, t. 3, ff. 1-4 (1789). Capieux lived at Leipzig. (Vide Hagen).

In 1826 (Schmett. Hur., V, iti, 130-138, No. 19) Treitsclike distin- guished Cucullia scrophulariae from verbasci and stated that Capieux, of Leipzig, was the first to describe the larva more exactly and to figure it in the Naturférscher. Treitschke also quoted Esper’s figure, Noct. 101, f. 4 [Vol. iv, tab. 180 (1793): in my copy this figure is boldly but erudely coloured and hardly determinable except as some species of this group of closely-allied species] and MHiibner’s figure, Samml. Eur. Schmett., Noct., t. 55, f. 267, 3:

Staudinger (Cat. Pal. Lep., 1, 214, No. 2222: 1901) quoted Capieux, Esper, Hiibner, Treitschke, as well as Rambur, Duponchel, Freyer, Guenée, and added Tutt and Barrett.

NOTE ON MR WIGHTMAN’S ARTICLE ON CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE. eZ,

Tutt (Brit. Noct., iii, 114: vi, 1892) gave what (by the use of in- verted commas) purports to be a translation of Treitschke’s remarks, but which is nothing more than a condensed extract—and not too cor- rect at that. Tutt says, for example, that Capieux found the larva “‘ in shady places on Scrophularia. nodosa’’: what Treitschke actually said was that Capieux ‘‘ found it in mid-July in shady places on Scrophularia aquatica. At the same-.season [mid-July] and on the same plant [S. aquatica], but also on Scrophularia nodosa and on Verbascum, it is to be found around Vienna, always rather later than that of C. verbasci.’’ Is Treitschke (at second-hand from Tutt?) the source of Mr Wightman’s statement that ‘‘ the original account of scrophulariae says it occurs near Vienna on Verbascum (Del. Scharst., Vol. vi, pp. 131, 133)’ ? Pos- sibly ‘‘ Del. Scharst., Vol. vi, pp. 131, 133,’ may be some lapsus for Treitschke’s ‘‘ Die Schmett [erlinge von Europa], Vol. v, Part iii, pp. 130-133 ; otherwise I cannot imagine what may be the reference intended, nor can I guess why the name scrophulariae should have been given in ‘‘ the original account ”’ to a species then known only ‘‘ on Verbascum.’’

Barrett’s description (Lep. Brit. Isds., vi, 66-70, t. 238, ff. 2 3, 2a @, 2b I:: ‘'1900’’) contains a deal of verbiage but little definite information and his very rough figures do not agree in size or general appearance with my Continental examples of scrophulariae, Capieux, and I should feel inclined to refer his figures 2 and 2a to lychnitis, Rambur. —

Not having seen any English examples determined as ‘‘ scrophul- ariae,’’ I can express no opinion regarding their correct identification or as to the occurrence in England of the true scrophulariae, Capieux 1789, but of the latter I have Continental examples which agree well with the descriptions of Continental authors and which appear to re- present a good species.

As for ‘‘ an iota of proof as to scrophulariae being a good species,”’ perhaps Mr Wightman would do well to refer to Culot’s remarks on the differentiating characters of verbasci and scrophulariae (Noct. Hur., 1, - 109, t. 60, ff. 1 verbasci 3, 2 scrophulariae g). Culot’s remarks seem fully borne out on comparing my examples of scrophulariae (Continental) and of verbasci (English and Continental): the different colouration of the hindwing of the male, for example, is a character which at once strikes a distinctive note. Hering (Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, Ergdnzungs- band I, Schmett., p. 462: 1932) differentiates verbasci as having ‘‘ Fw. costa pure brown [rein braun]’’ whilst scrophulariae falls into the group having ‘‘ Fw. costa brown but sprinkled with blue-grey or iron- grey ’’: there is more sprinkling in scrophulariae, but the character ‘pure brown ’’ for verbasci should not be taken too exactly au pied de la lettre. Spuler (Schmett. Eur., i, 268: 16.111.1907), distinguishing the two species, said that verbasci is more broadwinged and coloured more intensively yellow and has cilia more strongly indented than scrophu- larvae; in the former the Fw. costal shading hardly greyer in tone than that on dorsum, in the latter the costal stripe distinctly greyer than on the dorsal area.

In France also entomologists recognize the two species as distinct: see Lhomme’s Cat. Lép. France . . . Belgique, i, 204, No. 518, scrophu- lariae [wrongly ascribed to Schiffermiiller 1775], and p. 205, No. 519, verbasct, Linn. 1758, both species heing stated to occur throughout France and almost everywhere in Belgium.

=>

8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1943

NOTES ON BRITISH NOCTUAE. By A. J. WIGHTMAN.

Atethmia (Cirrhoedia) xerampelina.

1. It has been a dreadful season with me. I bred a few f. unicolor, Stdgr. (Gn.) of xerampelina, not in the least like South’s figure, plt. 4, fig. 9, but more extreme than Barrett’s fig., plt. 229, 3e. Jt was intense unicolorous red, the only pale markings being two fine ochreous white lines bordering the median area. Also J bred one nearly unicolorous deep yellow-red. J think that ab. pallida, Stdgr., is no more than a pale race of cerampelina and [ hope to breed British examples.

2. Your var. rufescens, Brit. Noct. Supp., vol. i11, p. 53, said to be a local race, occurs as a very local form in Sussex. It is the ‘‘Fr.’’ of my list of British forms and quite distinct from unicolor, Stdgr., by reason of the blackish marking of which wnicolor has only a trace.

Have the genitalia of pallida, Stdgr., been examined to give Wiltshire

the idea it is a good species? [Not to my knowledge.—Hy. J. T.]

Dianthoecia (Harmodia) capsophila.

1. As regards cupsophilu, it is so well differentiated as to be a good ssp., but I think it has stations in Wales and some northern English localities.

As regards ochracea, it cannot be a subspecies, or even a race, but simply a pale form, especially plentiful in certain areas, but nowhere becoming more than a percentage of the lepidaw occurring, often a small percentage and found in areas where dark and typical lepida are domin- ant, in small numbers. Tutt treated it as a simple ab. (form) and this is Sriainly all it is.

Possibly our British lepida has a seen facies, but to cover it we should need a name and description such as Lens paploes

2. Seitz, figure ili, plt. 18, labelled capsophilu 92, is the best figure I have seen of bicruris (capsincola); the shape of the abdomen is per- fect. No capsophila ever approached such a shape.

I also think his figure on the same plate labelled suffusa is andalusica (barretti).

Draudt’s notes (Seitz., Supp., i1) revising Warren are very neces- sary and justified. My opinion of Draudt, with whom [ have corre- sponded, some time ago, is that he is the brains of the revision and not

Corti.

Mamestra abjecta, ab. oblonga, Haw. = Apamea gemina, ab. reniissa.

1. In vol. 1, Supp. Notes to Tutt, you say of abjecta that Warr.- Stz. accepts oblonga, Haw., as the type of this species. Draudt follows, but Meyrick did not, and further that you do not think that Haworth’s description of his single example of oblongu = abjecta.

T see Barrett under gemina says he examined Haworth’s oblonga, still bearing his label in the collection of Sam. Stevens, where i+ then was, and that it is the remissa form of gemina.

This seems to me to clinch the matter and prove that both Hampson and Warren were careless as well as wrong.

ARCEDES (TINEA) PIERCELLA, BENCT., IN BRITAIN. 9

ARCEDES (TINEA) PIERCELLA, BENCT., IN BRITAIN. By S. WAKELY.

This species is mentioned in The Genitalia of the Tineina, by F. N. Pierce and Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, where a short note to the genus Arcedes states: ‘‘ Recently Count G. A. Bentinct has added a further species, piercella, which has been found feeding in Moles’ and Jackdaws’ nests. This species may occur in Britain. It resembles fuscipunctella, but has a lighter yellowish head.”’

Last winter, when tidying up my garden at Norwood, I decided to cut down a dead ash branch, containing an old woodpecker’s nesting hole. House sparrows had been using this for a nesting site, and I kept _the nesting material and debris hoping to breed out one of the more interesting species to be found in such situations. A daily watch was kept on the glass jar which J used, and in early spring I noticed speci- mens of Borkhausenia pseudospretella, Staint., HEndrosis fenestrella, Staint., and Monopis rusticella, Hb. At the beginning of June another species started to emerge which appeared to be Arcedes fuscipunctella, but on seeing the pale yellowish head I remembered the note previously mentioned, and set them carefully—a score in all—intending to try and get them identified later. Accordingly I submitted specimens to Mr F. N. Pierce in the autumn, and after a careful examination of the geni- talia he said they were undoubtedly A. piercella, and seemed to be a connecting link between A. ganomella, Tr. (lapella, Hb.) and A. fusci- punctella, Hw.

In my experience A. fuscipunctella is a house moth, and appears later than A. piercella, i-e., during the second half of June and onwards.

The paler head of A. piercella appears to be the most constant char- acter to distinguish it from its congener, but it is also a decidedly paler species, which is particularly noticeable when a series of each species is placed side by side.

T should be interested to know if A. fuscipunctella has been bred from birds’ nests, or whether this is a peculiarity of A. piercella.

COLLECTING NOTES.

Nores oN VARIATION FROM THE WorTHING Museum (Continued from Vol. liv, p. 135).—E. tithonus.—The chief sources of variation in this species are the spotting and the colour and relative breadth of the bands on the underside hindwing; there is also some variation in the shade of the ground colour of the upper side. The normal spotting of both sides of the forewing consists of a bipupilled apical spot. English and French specimens generally show no spot on the hindwing, but one towards the lower margin is by no means uncommon. In a row from the North Downs only one 2 shows this clearly and another indistinctly, while another has also a blind spot in the space above the pupilled one; a 2 from Alton Barnes and all three from the Chilterns (two ds 253 a ©) also show this spot as well as a ¢ from Ashurst near Worthing and another from the New Forest. In the matter of spotting, Tavistock

10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1943

specimens are quite exceptional; apart from specimens of ab. excessa, of which there is a whole row, two ds and all the Qs show this spot, though several ds are without it. All the ab. excessa except one 9 from Alton Barnes are from this locality. The extra spots on both sides of the forewing vary from two in the spaces just below the apical spot, pupilled or unpupilled, to one small one both in ds and Qs, though none of the latter are pupilled; but none of the hindwings show more than two on the upper side except one ¢ which has an extra one at the costa, which all but one show two below the apical spot on the under- side. The hindwings on the underside usually show four white points, two near the costa and two near the lower margin, though the upper costal spot is not unfrequently wanting; one 2 from Ashurst has a 5th spot above the two lower ones, which also occurs in some Tavistock Qs, both normal and ab. excessa. The colour ot the underside hindwings is far lighter in specimens from the N. Downs, and far- darker in those from Tavistock than in others, the dark shade in the latter being also the brightest; those showing the most contrasted colouring come from Ashurst, as the light band is considerably lighter than in those from Tavistock. The ground colour of the upperside is lighter in @s from Alton Barnes and the Chilterns than in others.

In Switzerland, north of the Alps, this species is very local, though common in the few places where it occurs. All the Qs.in those north of the Alps, and both sexes in those south of the Alps (where it is com- mon), as also those from Corsica and Italy, have a spot near the lower margin of the hindwing. The spotting of the hindwing on the under- side 1s very inconspicuous in both the latter and also in those from Digne and Grésy-sur-Aix, and sometimes is quite wanting. The contrast in colour on the underside of the hindwing is much less than in Ene- lish specimens, except in those from Corsica and Vernet; the light bands are narrow in Corsican and South Swiss specimens. The andro- conial bar is very inconspicuous, and indeed obsolescent in Italian cs. There is one Q from Digne with two tiny extra spots below the apical one. There is also an ab. caeca 2 from §. Triphon, and a @ from La Granja with very light colouring.—(To be continwed.)—Rev. G. Wuoueeter, M.A., F.R.E.S.

ForM METALLICA oF L. corn1ponN.—I am pleased to know that my arti- cle, Vol. liv, pages 84-86, has aroused some interest. Owing to slipping into a ditch and bush in Monk’s Wood, Hunts, in June 1899, both eyes were permanently injured. The left one was blind for very nearly a year. Since then [I have not been able to use a microscope, hence in answer to Mr G. T. Bethune-Baker’s enquiry, ante p. 104, I am unable to say whether the scaling of ab. metallica is abnormal. Some other forms of coridon were previously so examined and where essential I touched on the differentials of scalings, to a slight extent, in the JL. coridon ‘‘ Monograph,’’ Bright and Leeds; but my work, as requested, was mainly confined to the superficial appearance as seen by the eyes. For some years only one eye in my case, and that accident followed an- other in the previous April which left a torn diaphragm and adjacent injury which prevents me from using a bicycle and thus limits my pre- vious activities. The bleached specimens are microscopically very in- teresting, and IT remember that-in a patch on the upperside of A. aglaia

COLLECTING NOTES. 11

some long scales were twice arched.—H. A. Leeps, Wood Walton, Hunt- | ingdon.

PotyommMatus (LYSANDRA) CORIDON AND Ants.—(1) Regarding the *“ Correction ’? ‘by Mr H. Donisthorpe, Vol. lv, p. 103, there is no doubt that Formica rufa cannot be a general attendant on the larvae of L. coridon. I have taken coridon under a short row of pine trees, where their food-plant, Hippocrepis comosa, was near; and also flying over heather some little distance from their food-plant, but do not know if rwfa occurred there. JI cannot now say from what source the informa- tion was obtained as all my notes, on hundreds of foolscap sheets, re- garding coridon matters have been destroyed, and I shall be greatly obliged if someone can kindly tell me the species of ants which are mostly attendants of coridon larvae. During the last few years I have not visited any coridon locality.

(2) Respecting my statement in the article ‘‘ so far as is known, the ants have no natural murderous inclinations against the coridon larvae or pupae.’’ Although Mr Donisthorpe may have considered this ‘‘is of no value,’ his remark is valuable as it conveys a confirmation of my state- ment, and this together with his particulars of the protection afforded to the larvae of the ‘‘ blues,’’ adds to the interests of lepidopterists, who, like myself, have not the expert knowledge of ants. Most of us have a limited time fcr observation, and if those who have knowledge in the associations of coridon could investigate and work together, it might, perhaps, ultimately fathom the reason for the local extinction of coridon. The climax apparently ensues either at the end of the larval period or in the pupal stage, and may occur from disease, or from some other un- known source of destruction. My article was primarily written hoping that further investigation might ensue.

(8) I have received a letter which may be of interest and of warn- ing. It is to the effect: That three female Black Hairstreak butterflies, Strymon pruni, were placed in a cage with blackthorn and privet, for the purpose of endeavouring to obtain ova. After a short time it was found that a quantity of ants had entered the cage, apparently at- tracted by the aroma of the privet flowers. Two of the pruni were dead, but one survived and was placed in an ant-proof receptacle, where ova were deposited, but they were infertile. The writer of the letter blames the ants for destroying the two dead ones. Proof as to what actually occurred, preceding the death, is wanting. They may have been exe- cuted, but without actually being attacked the butterflies may have been so disturbed by the ants’ movements that death ensued through ex- haustion or injury following frantic dashing about the cage. Breeding cages have to be well fitted to prevent spiders, etc., from entering and apparently the cage was defective in regard to this. The name of the ants, in this case, is unknown. The occurrence was at St Albans, Herts. —H. A. Leeps, Wood Walton, Huntingdon.

~LateE EMERGENCE OF NOTODONTA DROMEDARIUS.—Among a number of larvae obtained off birch on 23rd June 1941 were two Notodonta drome- darius. As these were practically full fed I placed them, on my return home, in separate chip-boxes so that they might spin up therein, but of course providing them with fresh leaves daily until this should hap-

12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. - 15/1/1943

pen. All went well, according to plan for the next few days, when one formed a cocoon by attaching some of the birch leaves to the side of the box; but during the previous night the other larva surprised me by escaping through a small crack in the lid which, judging from the size of the creature, I did not think possible. Notwithstanding a careful search I could not find it anywhere in the room, so reconciled myself to the fact that it was definitely lost. In due course, to be precise, on 23rd June 1942, and coincidently exactly one year after finding the larvae, a fine dark female emerged from the one that pupated in the chip-box. The escaped larva I had completely forgotten, nor was its existence recalled until 20th December 1942. That evening I was read- ing by the fireside when, suddenly, a shadow was cast across the pages of my book, and on looking up I perceived a stout-bodied moth flying quietly around the electric lights. I immediately imagined a hybernat- ing Scoliopteryx libatrix enjoying a little exercise, but on the insect being netted I was surprised to find a Notodontid which caused some excitement in the family circle. Because of the date, we could not at first believe that it was only a dromedarius, but while discussing the occurrence my youngest son suddenly recollected the disappearance of the larva in June 1941. We then realized that the wanderer had re- turned under a new guise. Where it had pupated in the meantime re- mains a mystery. At any rate, the specimen is a splendid male in per- fect condition, and the date of its emergence is surely quite remarkable. —J..F. Brrp, Redclyffe, Walton Park, Clevedon, Som., 24th December 1942. i

CURRENT NOTES.

In response to the urgent call for paper salvage one hopes that no one will destroy copies, especially old ones, of our scientific magazines, many of which contain a large amount of valuable technical information. To throw away knowledge and aught that contains it should be looked upon as a sin. Back numbers require room but some one, or some Society, would be only too glad to find space for such. Numerous lib- raries have been destroyed and will want such magazines and books of similar contents to restart their useful work. We have heard of much destruction already and feel we must protest against such even at any time. Some of the smaller scientific periodicals and records of Natural History Societies are most valuable assets to a locality, a county, even it may be to the country. We should be pleased to receive any back num- bers of our own magazine, not for sale, but to replenish libraries such as Birmingham, Southampton, etc.

<< Al] that mankind has done, thought, gained or been: it is lying as a magic preservation in the pages of books.’’—Carlyle.

of COMsz. ™ .& m 7 Par, 5, , Taology é

/ 3 Ad THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR vanserote, MAR Ad 1943)

j LiBRAK* of typical lepida, there is a difference in degree in the markings hetween the sexes as there is in size, the ¢ being the smaller. The fig., Hb. 89, perplexa, has markings similar but more emphasized than in the gd and less than in the Q ; all are luteous in ground colour. In Seitz the hind- wings are almost uniformly dark grey with a luteous tinge, that of the 2 slightly more intense for nearly the half of the hind-marginal area, hut perplexa, Hb., has the hind margin very sensibly dark grey and has a black line running across the disc parallel with the inner boundary ot the darker area. Form ochracea, Haw., plt. 17i, ¢ and Q, are dark well-marked forms of the wholly luteous British race of lepida, the @ having the broad dark outer margin on the hindwing; the male has it hardly differentiated. Three other figures on plt. 17i are of the well- known f. pallida, Tutt, of our southern localities in varying degree of obsolescent marking. On plt. 18d are figures of ¢ and Q ab. brunnea, Tutt, which is the darkest form of ab. ochracea, Haw.

Warr.-Stz., l.c., plt. 18d, e, described and figured the ssp. or sp. cap- sophila, Bdvy. The names nisus, H.-S. (nec Germ.), repanda, H.-S., and capsophoba, Ramb., they considered to besynonyms. The very dark, almost black forms of this from Ireland and the Isle of Man were named suffusa, Tutt. On plt. 18d ¢ and Q capsophila, Bdv., were figured, and on plt. 18e S$ and @ of the form suffusa were figured. I fail to see the difference in the figures; in fact the suffwsa figured seems lighter than capsophila on account of the white emphasis of the latter’s marking. They considered capsophila a good species.

Oiler. Wo ci Gf (), 119, plt. 20,118: 21; f. 1: 21, f2:G911), gave three excellent figures: carpophaga, capsophila, and ochracea. The two last he considered as local forms = subspecies.

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 102 (1931), on the sole (?) basis of the genitalia dealt with the two, carpophaga (lepida) and capsophila, to be a single species. They further said of the latter, ‘‘ Ground colour is a deeper sepia-brown, stigmata and transverse lines interfilled with purer white, or have white edges.’’ ‘‘ The type(ical) form [capsophila] occurs in all possible sorts of transitions to lepida, in Germany, Switzer- land, France, Spain, Italy, and in a somewhat sleeker varying form in Sardinia and eastwards to the Ili territory and Thian-shan’’ [sic]. They also refer to a ‘‘better’’ illustration of capsophila, l.c., plt. 13b, from an Abruzzi (Central Italy) specimen (this figure is not on the plate as stated in the text), and described and figured a new form from Sicily, f. sicula.

The one factor of genitalia is practically identical in the two species, while all other factors for specific determination are in opposition. The habitats are different. No specimen of lepida (carpophaga) ever has white streaks and dots such as one always finds in capsophila.. The brown of capsophila is a black-brown and never has the luteous coloration always present in lepida (carpophaga). The darkest lepida (carpophaga) always is luteous and never can be confused with capsophila. There- fore one must consider them either as being quite distinct species or that capsophila is a subspecies of lepida (carpophaga) so far removed as to be practically a true species. Examples from the areas whence comes capsophila, Isle of Man, N. Ireland, etc., never by any chance send out an example which can for a moment be taken for lepida (carpophaga). Nor, among thousands of lepida (carpophaga) bred by Mr Wightman

(82) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1943

from many localities has there been a single example one could take for a moment to be capsophila.

It is impossible to give a definite independent judgment on this ques- tion of species, without material from all areas of their distribution, and without support of ample other characters. To base identity on the geni- talic evidence alone without such support does not yet seem justified. That is, so far as the British Isles are concerned, we may consider there are two separate species, separable in every way but by genitalia.

Of the Variation Barrett said:

One phase of not infrequent variation consists in the obliteration of the usual markings, and in the South and East of England this is met with in varying degrees, until a form is reached in which the forewings are of a smooth, uniform pale ochreous, totally devoid of markings, or in which there is only a faint row of brown dots along the subterminal line; but every possible intermediate seems to exist, in some specimens the edges of the stigmata, in others portions of the lines and central bar, faintly showing themselves, and the extreme—devoid of all mark- ings—being rather rare. In some of these the submarginal cloud of the hindwings becomes quite a dark band. All these seek to be included in a form known on the Continent as var. ochracea.

Another development, apparently confined to the chalk districts and coast, Kent and Sussex, has the ground colour white, or creamy white, usually with only the central markings, the hind margin being abso- lutely immaculate, even to the cilia; but more rarely with the chalky- white ground colour, all the markings are present, faintly grey-brown, and the hind-marginal region clouded with the same, all the usual warm yellow-brown tones of colour being absent. .

In the South of Scotland a form is found having a tone of colour different from all those hitherto mentioned, the ground colour very pale dull brown with all the darker markings and cloudings deep umbreous, and the cloudings more extended; sometimes, indeed, the markings and centre of the band are almost blackened, and the costa often dotted with black-brown.

From this district northward, along the west coast more especially, various intermediate forms are found, having the ground colour some- times ochreous, or yellow-brown, or pale brown, with all possible varia- tions of shade of markings, which, however, are always more or less present, and usually very definite.

He reports specimens reared from Pembrokeshire coast, ‘‘ specimens darker in every degree until the warm colouring of the ground colour is lost in a dull pale umbreous or whitish-brown, but the central dark band and the other cloudings and markings are deep rich brown, black- brown, and in one or two individuals nearly black, and so completely pervade the forewings that the paler ground is limited in some speci- mens to the upper stigmata, the subterminal line and the pale patch before the anal angle.’’

Another: ‘‘ the pale patch of the anal angle is continued up and bent inward, so that it unites with the pale stigmata.’’

From the coasts of Ireland and the Isle of Man ‘‘ as a supposed dis- tinct species under the name capsophila.’’ ‘‘ The difference in tone of colour and in sharpness and darkness of markings is so great as to give

¢

(a3

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (83)

an impression of a different shape of the wings which, however, does not exist.’’

He describes var. capsophila: ‘‘ In this last range of forms, the ground colour, when visible, is usually white or greyish white, more rarely pale greyish-umbreous or brownish-white; the upper stigmata are ereyish-white; their margins, with the remainder of the central band, black-brown, dark grey or black, often deep black; the clouds on each side of the subterminal line and in the basal area spread, and become dark brown, or black, or cloudy-black, or grey; the pale patch above the anal angle is usually still conspicuous, but often divided by a black line, and the cilia are black or dark grey, prettily looped with pale grey. The thorax, as in all other varieties, follows suit, of course, and the yellow tone and golden gloss of the hindwings have disappeared, being replaced by dark or pale smoky-grey or even smoky-white, with or with- out the darker hind-marginal band.’’

Mr A. J. Wightman, in the Ent. Record and Jowrn. of Variation for 1940, p. 126 et seq., reviewed the lines of variation met with during 20 years breeding with Sussex material only. He has never found the deep ochreous-brown forms normal in some parts of Britain, but still the variation is great and ‘‘can only be dealt with in a general way,” p. 126. He divided his results into five groups, from ‘‘a dark ochreous mottled with darker to an extreme form with scarcely a trace of marking,”’ and of the latter group he had selected no less than seven distinctive sub- forms. He gave an analysis of Newman’s figures, Brit. Moths, 385; of South’s figs., M.B.I., I, plt. 124, oe of Seitz’s figures, Pal. Nock: IIT, plt. 17.

The Names and Forms to be considered : anceps, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 82 (no description). contigua,- Schiff. (1775), l.c. (no description). perplexa, Schiff. (1775), Verz. Nachtrage, 313, N. 21, 22 (no description). lepida, Esp. (1790), Abbild. Noct., IV (2), 72, plt. 152, 2. ssp. f. carpophaga, Bork. (1792), Naturg.1V.. 422. perplexa, Hb. (1802), Samml. Noct:, 89. ab. ochracea, Haw. (1809), Lep. Bek, 199. repanda, Frr. (1838), New. Beitr., I, 63, plt. 34 (8), 2. ssp. capsophila, Bdv. (1840), Ind. Meth., 125. f. nisus, H.-S. (1850), Sys. Bearb., II, 249, f. 461. ab. capsophoba, Ramb. (1866), pt. ii, plts., Cat. And., plt. 9, 2 (no de- scription). ab. pallida, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., IJ, 30. ab. brannea,’ Tutt, t.c., 30. ab. ochrea-pallida, Tutt, l.c., 30. ab. fusca-pallida, Tutt, l.c., 30. ab. virgata-ochrocea, Tutt, l.c., 30. ab. virgata-brunnea, Tutt, l.c., 30. ab. suffusa, Tutt, Brit. .Noct., TIT, 32. ‘ab. Drgate pallida: Whtmn., Ent. feG <2 122 (1928): ssp. sicula, Drdt. (1931), Pal. Noct. Sep. FEES £02.plts 13h: ssp. syriaca, Osthr. (1933), Mitt. Miinch.., XXIII, 47.

Tutt dealt with (1) ab. pallida, white, markings nearly obsolete; (2) ab. ochrea-pallida, white, with ochreous mottling; (3) ab. fusca-pallida,

(84) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1948

white, with fuscous mottling; (4) ab. ochracea, pale yellowish-ochreous, markings nearly obsolete; (5) ab. virgata-ochracea, ditto, central band darker; (6) ab. lepida, ditto; mottled with darker ochreous; (7) ab. brunnea, dark ochreous (almost brown), markings nearly obsolete; (8) ab. virgata-brunnea, dark ochreous, with central band darker; (9) ab. carpophaga, dark ochreous, mottled with darker; (10) ssp. capsophila, darker tint, clear transverse lines, much more white than yellow; (11) . ab. capsophoba, white sub-costal nervure, edging of all lines and stig- mata whitish; (12) ab. suffusa (only an ab. of capsophila), always darker and almost black, with lines very white, and finer.

perplexa, Hb., Samml: Noct. (no text) (1802).

Fie .—t.c., 89.

Derscrip.—Size of average carpophaga (British). Ground colour a dark rich brown with lighter brown-ochreous marking, not the black- brown with white transverse lines as in capsophila (trish). The two stigmata have a thin white line around them. The transverse lines are lighter brown lined strongly with black, the submarginal and discal lines on the inner side, the inner transverse line on the outside, the basal line on the upper half black on the inner side, the lower half on the outside. There is a light whitish smudge on the inner margin be- tween the ends of the submarginal and discal lines. (From the figure,

iy. J.P.)

repanda, Frr., New. Beitr., 1, 63 (1833).

Fie.—l.c., plt. 34, 2 (nec 3).

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ In size and shape repanda comes close to lucipara. Thorax and forewings are reddish-brown. The markings are very dis- tinetly impressed. The first transverse line is half developed, the second before the orbicular is very distinct and sharply defined on the outer side. The orbicular and reniform stigmata are very well defined by their pale reddish colour, and their white centres. The claviform is placed well under the orbicular and is well developed. After the reniform comes the very distinct third transverse line, then a wide paler area in the middle darker coloured, which is margined by the fourth trans- verse line. This line is toothed and has in the middle two fine black wedges. The fringes are very wide and toothed. The abdomen and the hindwings are brown-grey. The fringes pale whitish yellow. Below all the wings are brown-grey, the costa dark wax-red suffused. The hind- wings have a darker diffused line towards the outer margin with a dark discoidal.’’ Russia.

misus, H.-S., Bearb., II, 249 (1850).

Fie.—l.c., 461.

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Fusca fulvo-alboque mixta, area 3 pone lineam undulatam albo mixta, ciliis fulvis.’’

*‘ Distinctly larger than carpophaga, with longer, more produced apex of forewing and longer, more oblique margin. Markings the same, colour darker, only in a few places golden-yellow appearance, strongest outer end of the claviform, in the middle of the reniform, and in all five beyond the outer transverse line. The fringes are golden-yellow with browner divisions, the basal half of the forewing darker, the terminal half of the hindwings whitish. The white appearance is brighter and

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TOMOLOGISTS RECORD AND

Sie e EDITED with the assistance of Ppaeoun Burr, D. Sc. FR.ES. = T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R. N., E.L.S.,

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: | a Cnas 15 1943 CONTENTS. \_,

‘COLLECTING NOTES: Plutella incarnatella, Steud., in Britain, G. B. S. - Brown; Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon and Ants, Horace Donisthorpe: . Note on. the Correspondence concerning Cucullia scrophulariae, Frank

ee MOUT-BOW IG nl ee a es Sane SA a ee 13 “CURRENT NOTES Ca eee ee a” See eee a aS 2 | SUPPLEMENTS : | _ Records and Full Descriptions of Varieties and Aberrations .. .. -. (1}+(44) ~ _ The British. Noctuae and their Varieties, HY. J. Turner, F. R.E. S., F.R.H.S. (85)-(88)

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ACEDES (TINEA) PIERCELLA, BENCT.

Since writing my notes about the occurrence of this species in this country which appeared on page 9 of the January issue, Mr F. N. Pierce has been good enough to forward an excellent drawing of the genitalia. Accordingly it 1s reproduced in this issue, and shows the chief characters of both female and male structures. The delineation is by Rev. Desmond Murray.— S. Waxkety, 17 Warminster Road, South Norwood, S.E.25.

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a uf COLLECTING NOTES. AY Zoology @ 13

13 820. MAR 15 1943 COLLECTING NOTES. i ‘ “LIBRA

PLUTELLA INCARNATELLA, STEUD., IN Britain.—Mr P. Harwood, of Aviemore, Inverness-shire, recently sent me a number of: ‘‘ Micros ”’ which he had collected locally during November and December of last year by beating Scots pine, bracken and juniper. . Amongst his cap- tures was a species of Pluteila which agreed very well with the descrip- tion of Plutella incarnatella, Steud., as given by Meyrick in his Revised Handbook, 1928. I, however, sent two specimens to Mr Bainbrigge Fletcher for a second opinion. He kindly examined them and confirmed my identification. ‘

This species seems to be fairly common in the Aviemore district, as Mr Harwood has taken quite a number of the moth, even as late as the end of December. It is to be hoped that he will be able to obtain females in the spring.

The only previous record for Britain seems to be the one by Meyrick in The Entomologist, lviii, p. 259, one specimen taken by Dr Jenkinson at Elgin in September 1913.

Mr Harwood is to be congratulated upon placing this species firmly on the British list—G. E. S$. Brown, Bournemouth, 19.1.43.

PotyomMatus (LysANDRA) CORIDON AND ANTS.—Mr H. A. Leeds in his further interesting notes on this subject (ante p. 11) remarks :— «¢ . . and I shall be greatly obliged if someone can kindly tell me the species of ants which are mostly attendants of coridon larvae.’’ I should say undoubtedly that the ant Acanthomyops (Chtonolasius) flavus, F., is the chief attendant. |

Rayward [Entom., 39, 197 (1906)] records that on 18th June 1906 he discovered a number of nearly full-grown larvae of the ‘‘ Chalk-hill Blue ”’ which were feeding on plants of Happocrepis comosa on the hill- sides at Reigate. Nearly all of them had examples of this ant among them, and two of these caterpillars, which were feeding on a plant grow- ing on the crown of an ant hill, were literally covered with ants—twenty being counted on one larva alone. He then gives some interesting ob- servations and experiments he made on the ‘‘ milking ”’ of the cater- pillar by the ants. He also sent me two larvae to experiment with in my observation nests of ants.

Prideaux also [Hnt. Record, 22, 199-200 (1910)] found larvae of coridon among its food-plant on the chalk-hills near Oxford on 14th June 1910. He writes:—‘‘ Jn the majority of cases, yellow ants were found, if not in attendance on, in close proximity to, the larvae so obtained, and in one instance, where eight were found at the roots of one plant, an ant’s nest had been formed below, and the fine powdery earth thrown up had completely enveloped the A. coridon larvae, in no way to their discomfiture, apparently.’’? This observation shows that the ants had built around these caterpillars one of those earthen ‘‘cattle- sheds ’’ in which they often keep their aphids and coccids, ete.

No doubt many similar observations have been made.

Other: ants, such as A. (D.) niger, L., several of the commoner Myrmicas and possibly Formica fusca, especially the first-named species, may also attend these larvae; but A. (C.) flavus is the most likely to be

14 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/11/1943

present where the caterpillars of coridon occur.—Horacre DoNISTHORPE, Entomological Department, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 24.1.43.

NotTE ON THE CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE. —Not being a Lepidopterist, I hesitate to intervene in a discussion on whether Cucullia verbasci, scrophulariae and lychnitis are distinct species, but I haye been interested in the papers by Wightman, Cock- ayne and Bainbrigge Fletcher on this subject.

T know a Cucullia whose caterpillars I used to take in southern and eastern England, mostly on Verbascum thapsus but also on Scrophularia nodosa. My interest in this caterpillar was because it happens to have a red nervous system and was, therefore, useful for class-work. I may have been taking caterpillars of the so-called scrophulariae as well as those of verbasci, but I know that I could interchange the foodplants and grow small larvae to full size.

But my object in butting in is because neither Cockayne nor Bain- brigge Fletcher has mentioned a single character which extludes the possibility that these so-called species are biological races of one species. Cockayne maintains the species merely upon differences in colour of the caterpillars, while Bainbrigge Fletcher refers to different colouring in the imagines and different habits and supports his view on the ground that they are regarded as distinct by the whole body of students of Lepidoptera outside the insular boundaries of the ‘‘ British List.’’ Then why not give us the real specific characters? —F Rank BaLFouR-BROWNE, M.A., F.R.S-E., F.R.E.S., 23.1.43.

CURRENT NOTES.

Tue sixty-seventh Annual Report of the Ontario Agricultural Col- lege and Experimental Farm, 1941, has recently been received. There are nearly twenty Departments, all with a staff of officials. Hach of the Departments furnishes a short summary of the work they have done during the year in this Report. One of the Departments is that of: Entomology. This Department deals with (1) The Insects of Stored Grain. The fumigant necessitates a mask when it is applied. (2) Test- ing of Spray Mixtures. (8) Means for the Control of the Corn-Borer. (4) Baiting for the European Earwig, a somewhat recent pest. (5) An Infestation of the Japanese beetle near the Niagara Falls as yet not very widespread. (6) Rabbit Control in Orchards came under this De- partment.

CorREcTION.—On p. 9, for Arcedes read Acedes in each case.—T.B.F.

CoRRECTION.—SUBSTITUTE FooprLAnts: The penultimate paragraph of my article under this heading last month contains the most delight- ful lapsus calami which I think I have ever committed. It must have amused many of your readers. [ refer, of course, to my statement that the body of a larva must be attuned to the horse-power (HP) of its environment. I. give the environment full marks for the influence which it exerts, but I can assure your readers that what I had in mind was the pH, not the HP.—P. B. M. Awan.

um or Com. > $5 "Zoology a

> _ MAR 15 19481)

Ligk:

14 LAVAL 4

/[ 4 S20 RECORDS OF VARIETIES! AND: ABERRATION

in %

RECORDS AND FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIE ABERRATIONS.

Exhibited at the Annual Exhibition of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society (October 1942).

Compiled by S. G. Castim Russriy and Hy. J. Turner for publication

in the Entomologist’s Record and in the Proceedings of the Society.

Mr B. W. Avpkxin exhibited:—1l. Argynnis paphia, L., gynandro- morph; C. Gulliver, New Forest, 1918. 2. Argynnis paphia, L., cream- coloured ¢; A. Ford, New Forest, 1919. _ 3. Argynms paphia, L., ab. melaina, D’Aldin, ¢¢ and 2Q; bred, L. W. Newman, New Forest, 1908.

1. Argynnis cydippe, L., banded ¢; C. Gulliver, New Forest, 1929. 2. Argynnis cydippe, L., lightly-marked $ with rayed hindwings; T. E. ‘Hubbard, New Forest, 1926. 3. Argynnis cydippe, L., ab. bronzeus, Frohawk, 2° ; B. W. Adkin, Windsor Forest, 1928. 4. Argynnis cydippe, L., strongly-marked 9°; B. W. Adkin, Sussex, 1942.

1. Argynnis aglaia, L., a melanic 9; H. G. Heath, Swanage, 1920. 2. Argynnis aglaia, L., heavily-marked ¢; E. P. Sharpe, Eastbourne, 1913. 3. Argynnis aglaia, L., yellow 9; J. H. Longhurst, Swanage, 1922. 4. Argynnis aglaia, L., large 9; B. W. Adkin, N. Kent, 1942.

Mr H. W. Anprews exhibited the following Diptera:—(a) An ex- hibit showing wing marking venation in Urophora stylata, Fb. (Try- _petidae). (b) An exhibit showing varieties of Merodon equestris, Fb., the ‘‘ Narcissus-fly.”’

Mr S. R. Asusy.—Four drawers of British Coleoptera containing the families: —DLucanidae, Scarabaeidae, Buprestidae, Elateridae, and part of Chrysomelidae. The ScARABAEIDAE included the genera Copris, Onthophagus, Aphodius, Heptaulacus, Saprosites, Oxyomus,- Psammobius, Aegialia, Odontueus, Geotrupes, Trox, Hoplia, Homalaplia, Serica, Amphinallus, Melolontha, Phyllopertha, Anomala,. Cetonia, Potosia, Gnorimus and Trichius. The Buprestipar included the genera Melanophila, Anthaxia, Aphanisticus, Trachys, the five species of Agrilus. The Exateripar, the genera Lacon, Cardiophorus, Hypnoidus, Crytohypnus, Elater, Ischnodes, Procraerus, Melanotus, Harminius, Athous, Limonius, Sericus, Adrastus, Agriotes, Dolopius, Corymbites and Prosternon. The CurysoMELmpsE: Genera, Labidostomis, Clytra, Gynandrophthalma, Cryptocephalus, Lamprosoma, Timarcha, Chryso- mela and Melasoma.

Mr V. E. Aveust exhibited the following:—A melanic form of Pararge aegeria, L.; two aberrations of Argynnis (Brenthis) euphro- syne, L.; Limenitis camilla, L., ab. nigrina, Weym.; Apatura vris, L.; Acronicta (Apatele) alni, L.; Erynnis tages, L., all from N.W. Sussex. Lycaena arion, L., from N. Cornwall, and a series of Euchloris smarag- daria, Fb., bred from ova found during a Field Meeting at Benfleet.

Mere T. UW. Barnerr exhibited:—Argynnis paphia, L., a gynandromorph, left side 2, right side 3, Sussex 1942. Coenonympha pamphilus, L.: Several with small apical spot, one gd with very dark

_

(2) ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/11/1943

underside, brownish black, one from Kemsing, Kent, with four very small spots on upperside hindwings. A series of Hmaturga atomania, L., with pale yellow ground colour and many dark specimens. A series of Sterrha (Hyria) muricata, Hufn., from Wicken and Witherslack.

Captain E. §S. A. Baynes exhibited a few species taken or bred in 1942, including a 2 Hyloicus pinastri, J.., bred from Dorset; Pyrrhia umbra, Hufn., bred from Surrey larvae; Boarmia ribeata, Clrck. (abietaria, Schiff.), a dark form from larvae taken on yew on the Hog’s Back; C. jacobaeae, L., with the upper marginal spot joining the costal stripe, from W. Surrey; a specimen of the nigrosparsata, Rayn., form of Abraxas grossulariata, L., bred from a pupa taken wild in Herefordshire. Also a selection of Lepidoptera taken oni the Hog’s Back, near Guildford, including Hamearis lucina, L., Cupido minimus, Fussli., Polyommatus (L.) coridon, Poda, ab. i-nigrum, Tutt, and ab. arenata, Wheel., P. (Z.) bellargus, Rott., Drymonia trimacula, Esp., Stauropus fagi, L., Inthosia (Hilema) complana, L., L. deplana, Esp., Palimpsestis octogesima, Hb. (ocularis, Gn.), Mamestra (Apamea) sor- dida, Bork. (anceps, Hb.), Agrotis cinerea, Hb., Harmodia nana, Rott. (conspersa, Esp.), Meristis trigrammica, Hufn., ab. obscura, Laphygma exigua, Hb., Orthosia (Taeniocampa) gracilis, Fb., O. (T.) munda, Esp., ab. immaculata, Stdgr., Calymma pyralina, View., C. diffinis, L., Plas- tenis subtusa, Fb., Cirrhia citrago, L., Xanthia aurago, Fb., Xylina semi- brunnea, Haw., X. socia, Rott., Hustrotia uncula, Clrck., Plusia festucae, L., Aventia flexula, Schiff., Hemistola chrysoprasaria, Esp. (vernaria, Hb.), Cosymbia annulata, Schltz., Thera juniperata, L., Eupi- thecia pimpinellata, Hb. (denotata, Gn.), E. haworthiata, Dbldy., Plagodis dolabraria, L., Erannis defoliaria, Clrek., ab. obscurata, Stdgr., Boarmia ribeata, Circk. (abietaria, Schiff.), B. roboraria, Schiff., Bue

thedon andrenaeformis, Lasp., S. flaviventris, Stdgr., ete.

Mr L. Bircu.—An example of Argynnis paphia, L., ab. confluens, 2, Splr., and ab. melaina, 2, both from Wyre Forest, 1942. Argynnis cydippe, L., a SG with the two forewings greatly extended in large hooks, with the centre of each extension filled with a long black bar. The hindwings are black with a series of buff lunules at the bases. Wyre Forest, 1942.

Mr A. A. W. Bucxstone exhibited: —Argynnis cydippe, L.—A buff- coloured 3; two od with pronounced black markings; a ¢ underside . having the brown of the lunules of hindwings replaced by blue green, and the brown spots between veins 3, 4, and 5 of right wing wanting. All Ashtead, 1942. Gonepteryx rhamni, L.—A <¢ with red scales situ- ated between base of right forewing and central spot. Fetcham, Surrey, September 1942. Aglais urticae, L.—Specimens captured or bred from wild Surrey larvae, including several ab. polaris, Stdgr. (pseudoconnecza, Cabeau), two ¢¢ approaching ab. leodiensis, Cabeau, two 3S with the typical reddish orange colour replaced by pink and several speci- mens of very dark colour. Callimorpha (Hypocrita) jacobaeae, L.—A _ dark smoky specimen. Dorking, 1942. Three underside forms, one with band of hindwings very pale, almost white, and with a yellow spot in black area. Two with yellow line running through black area. Arctia

RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (3)

villica, L.—lLiving larvae, pupae and imago of second broods, Dated records are:—June 5—About 150 eggs deposited; June 18 to 25—130 larvae emerged; July 17—Many underwent first moult; September— Larvae commenced spinning up; October 10-—About half the larvae had now spun up, the remainder being in either their fourth or fifth (last) instar. The hair is black until after the last moult, when it rapidly turns brown.

Mr A. Briss.—From West Sussex Apatura iris, L., Hemaris fuci- formis, L., H. tityus, L., Psilura (Lymantria) monacha, L., Procris (Ino) statices, L., and confluent Zygaena trifolii, Esp., Gastropacha querci- folia, L.., from Bookham; Polyploca ridens, Fb., from Ashtead; and Cucullia verbasct, L., from Purley.

Mr J. H. Bett and Mr P. J. Bett exhibited:—(1) An aberration of Plusia gamma, L., in which the ‘ silver Y ’’ is much extended into an irregular blotch. Dr Cockayne pointed out the remarkable simi- larity to the figure of P. pwichrina, Haw., in the ‘ Entomo- logist,’? 1920, vol. 53, pp. 1-2, text figure of a specimen taken in Gloucestershire in 1919, now in the Rothschild Collection, Tring. (This specimen was sent up for comparison and exhibition.) (2) A dark banded form of Selidosema plumaria, Schiff., from the New Forest, August 1936. (3) Three Nymphalis (Vanessa) 10, L., one ab. belisarius, Frwk., from Lee, Devon; two others with almost complete absence of purple on the ocelli. (4) A series of Heodes phlaeas, L., showing rayed spotting, mainly from Berkhampsted, with ab. alba, ab. intermedia, and rayed forms. (5) A Satyrus (Melanargia) galathea, L., with mark- ings of the hindwings almost absent; Swanage, 1931. (6) A series of very small Xanthorrhoé fluctuata, L., with considerable deficiency of marking. (7) Extreme abs. of Epirrhoé alternata, Mill. (sociata, Bork.), one with only a dot in the centre of the forewings and some shading on the margins. (8) Argynnis (Brenthis) ewphrosyne, L., showing more or less increase of dark marking, one being extreme.

Dr G. V. Butt exhibited Acherontia (Manduca) atropos, L., from Kent, 1941; two. banded Diaphora (Spilosoma) lutea, Hufn. (lubrici- peda, Esp.), bred by S. Wakely; Arctia villica, L., with smoky hind- wings, N.E. Sussex; Pieris rapae, L., with spots united by black scal- ing, Sandhurst, Kent; Parasemia plantaginis, L.,-bred in September, August and October from ova laid on-10th June 1942 and some bred in — Octobér 1933 from ova laid 10th June 1933. Also a centipede and its prey, Noctua xanthographa, L., taken at sugar. The abdomen of the moth was almost completely eviscerated.

Cot. V. R. Burkwarpt.—A ¢ Argynnis cydippe, L., of pale lemon colouring on all wings, New Forest, 1942. Argynnis paphia, L.—An extreme 2 form of ab. melaina, D’Aldin, almost entirely black, an- other very similar, and a male form of ab. confluens, Spul. Limenttis camilla, I4—An unusual form of ab. semi-nigrina, Frwk., all New Forest. Argynnis (Brenthis) selene, lu.—A melanic form of 9 with a series of bars on the outer margins of forewings, the central areas being black and spotless; hindwings deep black; New Forest, 1942,

(4) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1943

Mr S. <A. CxHarrres exhibited aberrations of Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon, Poda, P. bellargus, Rott., and Melitaea athalia, Rott., taken by exhibitor in East Sussex, 1942, including the follow- ing :—Lysandra coridon, Poda.—A 3 with right wings, obsoleta, Tutt, ground colour slate grey, and smaller than left wings, which are normal.

_A o upperside, all wings suffused with black, ab. atrescens-suffusa. A -2 ab. glomerata, Tutt, heavily marked. A @ very heavily marked. A ©, the orange spots on left hindwing extended into dashes on both upper and underside; on the left forewing is a blue-white blotch. A 3, the left hindwing of which is about a third larger than the right, and square shaped. It has the markings of three separate wings, 1.e., three discoidal spots (full size). The outer margin has three times the normal number of spots and the other spots on wing are doubied; the other wings are normal. Lysandra bellargus, Rott.—An ab. radiata, Tutt, three wings heavily radiated, the fourth being ab. digitata, Coury. An example with the hindwings only radiated. Melitaea athalia, Rott.—A 9 with the dark bands and spots on all wings missing.

Mr F. D. Coors exhibited a heavily-marked Argynnis cydippe, L.., from Ashtead, and Limenitis camilla, L., ab. semi-nigrina, Fwk., from Sanderstead, 30.7.42.

Mr B. H. Crasrres exhibited, on behalf of Mr A. E. Toner, aber- rations of Arctia caja, L., and, on his own behalf, two Acronicta leporina, L., both very dark; they were two years in pupa; another specimen, also dark, was three years in pupa. The larvae came from the neighbourhood of Manchester. Also two Notodonta dromedarius, L., very dark, from Alderley Edge larvae.

Mr A. W. Dennis exhibited specimens of Metachrostis (Bryophila) perla, Fb., and of Spilosema lubricipeda, L. (menthastri, Esp.), from a garden in Dalston, showing considerable variation.

Mr J. Draw exhibited a variable series of Lycia hirtaria, Clrck., from a Q taken at West Wickham; they emerged in April 1942. Strymon w-album, Knoch., an underside aberration, a number of which were | bred from larvae taken at Shoreham last Spring. Lysandra coridon, Poda, a series taken at Swanage, 1937/8, including ab. alba, Tutt, ab. striata, Tutt, ab. caeca and post-caeca, and ab. fowleri, South. Argynnis cydippe, L., an upperside aberration similar to one in Frohawk’s ‘‘ British Butterflies,’ taken at Ashtead Field Meeting, July 1942.

Mr T. R. Eacies exhibited a small collection of British moths col- lected about the year 1860, including a specimen of Deilephila gallu, Rott.

Mr W. J. Finnigan exhibited a number of his Lantern, Slides of Natural History Subjects, including Pygaera curtula, L., Theretra porcellus, L., with larva, Phalera bucephala, L., Limenitis camilla, L., Abrazas sylvata, Scop., with larva, Ketropis bistortata, Goze., and Lomaspilis marginata, L. The plants Butterwort, Pinguicula vulgaris, L.; Chickweed Wintergreen, Trientalis conopsea, l.; Small Teasel, Dipsacus pilosus, .; Clustered Bellflower, Campanula glomerata, L. ;

RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (5)

and Bog Pimpernel, Anagallis tenella, L. The Fungi Leyiota racodas, Vitt., L. procera, Scop., and Geoglossum glutinosum, Pers. The Canal at Weybridge.

Mr L. T. Forp exhibited the following Microlepidoptera :— Cnephasia bellana, Curt., Warton Crag, 29.6.41; Argyroploce rufina, Scop., Witherslack, 13.7.41; Scythris fallacella, Schlag., Witherslack, 26.5.40; Lampronia pubicornis, Haw., Arnside, 17.6.41; Crambus fal- sellus, chit Grange} July 1940; Blastibasis lignea, Ww ilm., Arnside, August 1941.

(Mr F. .W. Frowawxk exhibited:—Pieris brassicae, ab. nigronota, Fwk., five specimens, four with black marginal streaks on upper part of outer margins of hindwings—a new form of aberration; all bred from Sussex ova, August 1941. Erebia aethiops, Esp., with median band missing on underside of hindwings; Galloway, August 1941. Coenonympha pamphilus, Is., one with ocellus entirely missing on one wing, the other largely developed on corresponding wing, also a particularly large 9° with black margins to hindwings; Galloway, August 1941. Aglats urticae, L. Three abs. nigra, Tutt, and semi-nigra, Fwk., captured by Captain E. B. Purefoy, East Farleigh, Kent, 1936, 1939, 1942.

Mr A. L. Goopson exhibited a variety of Hemistola chrysoprasaria, Esp. (vernaria, Hb.), in which the ante- and post-median transverse lines of the forewings were widened and fused into a whitish patch, leaving a triangular mark on the costa; also other species recently taken.

Mr F. T. Grant exhibited series of the following species of Coleop- tera taken about mid-day, Greenwich time, running on the trunk of a decayed hornbeam in Cobham Park, 6.vi.42:—Series of (1) Melandrya caraboides, L., and Leptura scutellata, Fb., and also on the same trunk, 18.vi.42, a series of Ptilinus pectinicornis, L:

Mr H. Haynes exhibited:—Argynnis paphia, L.—A series of 36 specimens taken in the New Forest, mostly in 1919, including four ¢¢ and five 29Q ab. confluens, Spul.- Five ¢¢ and one @ ab. melaina, D’Aldin, one being an extreme black-rayed form; also a d and @ with markings on the forewings, ab. glomerata, Tutt. Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon, Poda, taken in the Salisbury district during recent seasons, including ab. pulla, ab. fowleri and ¢¢ with heavily-marked borders, many underside forms, including caeéca and other extreme forms, and several 6d with striated forewings (ab. digitata, Courv.). Also three ab. albescens, Ckll., and an almost symmetrical, gynandro- morph. Polyommatus (Lysandra) bellargus, Rott., a series from the Salisbury district, showing obsoleta and radiata aberrations. . Polyommatus: icarus, Rott., a lavender-coloured ¢ and an extreme obsoleta ¢G with white background; both from Salisbury district. Plebeius aegon, Schiff., a S underside ab. caeca, New Forest, 1942. Panazia (Callimorpha) dominula, L., a series from the Salisbury dis- trict showing specimens with enlarged and confluent markings in fore- wings. Also a series of ab. -bimacula, including some extreme examples bred from the Oxford: strain.

(6) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1943

Mr I. R. P. Hestop exhibited the following aberrations of British Rhopalocera:—A Papilio machaon, L., a 2 with slightly striated fore- wings; a Pieris rapae, L., the exhibitor’s first butterfly, taken on 20th March 1913; 2 Colias hyale, L., an exceptionally small ¢ and a large 9 ; 2 Argynnis cydippe, L. (adippe, L.), an abnormally pale 2 (1942) and a normal 9;2 A. papa, L., a ¢ var. confluens and a 92° (1942) var. confluens; a Brenthis euphrosyne, L., with smoky diffusion on upper forewings; a EHuphydryas aurinia, Rott., with the forewings clouded; a Melitaea athalia, Rott., very lightly marked; 2 Vanessa cardui, L., a very pale 9, and a very large dark richly-coloured 2 with an addi- tional apical white spot and blue lunules to the black spots on the hind- wing; 2 Huments semele, L., a very pale pair from the western lime- stone; 2 Maniola jurtina, L. (janira, L.), two bleached ¢¢; M. tithonus, L., albino ¢; 4 Chrysophanus dispar, Haw., a pair of the old- English and a pair of the introduced baturus, Ril.; 2 Lycaena arion, L., a 2 from Gloucestershire and a © from Cornwall, showing the characteristic difference; a Carterocephalus palaemon, Pall., black markings of forewings much reduced.

Cart. R. A. Jackson, R.N., exhibited:—Ruralis betulae, L., 33 bred from damson foodplant, one having pronounced fulvous spotting on forewings. Coenonympha pamphilus, L., a very pale 3 from Troddos. Heodes phlaeas, L., a S with asymmetrical spotting, right forewing with spots at anal angle missing. A series of Synanthedon spheci- formis, Schiff. Pairs of Sphecia carbroniformis, Lewin, S. andrenae- formis, Lasp., S. culiciformis, L., S. vespiformis, Lasp., S. flaviventris, Stdgr., and S. tipuliformis, Clrck.; all from Bishop’s Waltham. A buff form of ¢ EHuleima deplana, Esp., with typical 2 for comparison. Inthosia griseola, Hbn., typical, and var. flava, Haw., for comparison. A short series of Gnophos obscura, Schiff., from New Forest and East- bourne. A bred series of Boarmia ribeata, Clrk. (abietaria, Schiff.), fed on yew; Bishop’s Waltham. A case showing pupa-cases of Aegeridae. Two Abraxas grossulariata, L., one with heavy black markings, the other a Q somatic mosaic left wings, normal; right wings, var. dohrnii, Koenig. (lacticolor, Rayn.). Some fertile ova were obtained and eight larvae are now feeding; from Dawlish, 1942. This was perhaps the most remarkable insect in the room.

CotoneL S. H. KersHaw.—Lepidoptera from the Isle of Man, 1941-2. Euchloé cardamines, L., several Gd with the normal orange tips to forewings replaced by very pale lemon colour; a gynandromorph predom- inently 2 with same pale lemon colouring on forewings. Argynnis aglaia, L., a large 2 almost entirely black. Pararge megera, L., a 3 with very heavy black bands on forewings, June 1942. Polyommatus icarus, Rott., an underside ab. caeca, August 1942.

Mr H. A. Leeps exhibited:—Polygonia c-album, L., 6 upperside strongly central, banded with black on all wings, and a 2 upperside with weak outer markings on hindwings and consisting of thin, brown arches extending inwardly from the border. Polyommatus icarus, Rott., g underside, ab. antidiscoelongata; 2 uppersides, abs. postra- diosa-atrescens, containing five heavily scaled bluish veins; and syn-

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RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (7)

grapha-ultraalbocrenata. Adopoea lineola, Ochs., 2 upperside, ab. pallidula (golden). All 1942 captured. He alse exhibited, and pre- sented them-to the South London Natural History Society, 222 Maniola jurtina, L., 101 Maniola tithonus, L., and 216 Coenonympha pamphuus, L., consisting of typical and aberrational forms, numbered and named, ur termed, in accordance with manuscript, for them and other known British forms of these three species, which is being written, and will be handed over to the §.L. Society when completed by him

Tur Rev. J. N. Marcon exhibited :—Limenitis camilla, L. (sibilla, L.), four-.examples with partial obscuring of the white bands. A dg Argynnis cydippe, L. (adippe, L.), with tendency to become confluent. A. paphia, L.—(1) a 2 with costal markings of forewings banded to- gether ; (2) three © ab. confluens, Splr., one very extreme; (3) two 2 ab. melaina, D’Aldin; (4) a 3. extreme ab. confluens, Splr.; (5) a mixed eynandrous example, hindwings ¢ has left forewing ¢ with small streak, right forewing 3/5 ab. valezina, Esp., colouring extending from the base in an irregular patch to the outer margin, entirely displacing the $ androconial markings. Brenthis (A.) euphrosyne, L., a banded form, and a @ largely black. Aglais (V.) urticae, L., ab. negrocana, Frwk., caught in a cemetery. Polyommatus (L.) bellargus, Rott.—(1) 3 ab. digitalis, Courv., forewings; (2) ¢ ditto fore and hindwings; (3) ¢ ditto with reduction on hindwings; (4) 9 with left forewing strongly radiated. P. (Z.) coridon, Poda.—(1) ¢ ab. infra-lavendula ; (2) 2 3 ab. fowleri, Sth.; (8) 3 ¢ ab. pulla; (4) a gynandromorph pre- dominently °.

Messrs W. E. Mrxnron and B. S. Goopsan exhibited a selection of Lepidoptera taken or bred during the season of 1942. A varied series of Euphydryas aurinia, Rott., a series of Diacrisia sannio, L., a series of Argynnis (Brenthis) selene, one having pale blotches on foretvings, a series of Satyrus galathea, 2 2 with very yellow undersides. Macro- thylaria rubi, L., a number*of assembled G@. All the above from Row- den, Devon. Cossus cossus, L., taken at light, Rowden. All above were collected by Mr Minnion during ‘ off ’’ periods from active service. Series of the following species were also shown:—Phragmatobia fuli- ginosa, L., bred from a Rowden @ ; Xanthorhoé spadicearia, Schiff. ; X. quadrifasiata, Clrck., Wendover; Coremia unidentaria, Haw., from Bucks ova; Horisme vitalbata, Schiff., bred from a pair taken at

Horsley Field Meeting ; Zygaena filipendulae, L., three confluent forms,

\Wendover, Bucks; Plusia pulchrina, Haw., and a ¢ Herse convolvult, ves both taken at St Giles, Bucks; Strymon w-album, L., Chalfont Field feeting; Bena bicolorana, Fuess., bred from larvae taken at Ruislip ; ynanthedon (Sesia) flaviventris, from larvae taken at Effingham Field eeting; and Pseudopanthera macularia, L., one having pale ground clour.

Mr H. Moors exhibited two species of grass Mantids from India and th U.S.A., examples of ‘‘ Slimming ’’ carried to excess.

Mr B. M. Mortey exhibited:—P. (L.) bellargus, Rott., from Folk- ee 2 $3 pale (excelsia); (2) 2 9Q blue (semi-ceronus). P. (L.)

(8) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. — -15/T1/ 1943

coridon, Poda.—23 aberrations, including 2 dark ¢¢ (pulla-suffusa), 1 6 underside (alhescens-obsoleta), 8 2 undersides (nubila, to ultranubila- fulvescens), a 2 underside (post-caeca). Aglais urticae, L., 3 with right hindwing grey. Boarmia rhomboidaria, Schiff., 3 black ab. rebelt, Aign. A long series of bred Abraxas grossulariata, LL., showing many aber- rations.

Mr and Mrs P. Nacte exhibited an aberration of Argynnis cydippe, L., New Forest, 1942. The forewings are much suffused with black, especially in the central and outer areas.- The hindwings are practic- ally normal but slightly suffused in basal areas. On the underside the forewings show much darker markings than usual. Maniola jurtina, L., a ¢@ ab. with large irregular shaped patches of very light grey on both forewings, the patches being symmetrical on each wing. Hindwings nearly normal, but showing signs of pale colouring in areas between veins.

Mr Hue L.. Newman exhibited a large number of Arctia caja, L., bred in successive broods in the dark on cabbage up to the third genera-

tion and the fourth as living larvae in glass-top metal boxes. Also a —

Q Pieris napi, L., ab. citronea, Frwk., the most extreme and remark- able dark 9 he had ever bred.

Mr G. B. Otiver and Mr G. H. Oniver exhibited :—Pieris rapae, L., 2, a wild taken specimen of chrome buff coloration; Bedfordshire. P. napi, L., 2 spring brood without the usual black scaling on apex; Bucks. Brenthis (A.) euphrosyne, L., 2 upper and undersides purplish tinted; other aberrant forms. Maniola jurtina, L., 2 (badly worn) with light blotched forewings and hindwings of a uniform greyish white; Beds. Polyommatus coridon, Poda, ab. striata and ab. obsoleta forms from Beds, Bucks and Herts. Colias croceius, Frcry., a short series bred during January and February under normal indoor conditions from a typical 9 taken in mid-September. The majority of the females reared were f. helice, Hb.

Mr D. Opp exhibited minor varieties of Polyommatus (L.) coridon, Poda, Argynnis paphia, L., M. jurtina, L., Z. trifolii, Esp., and Sphinz ligustri, L.

Mr R. M. Payne exhibited the uncommon dragonfly Aeshna mizta, Latr., a pair taken this season at Richmond, Surrey.

Mr Austin Ricaarpson exhibited the following Lepidoptera taker or bred during. the season 1942 :—

RuopaLocera.—A bred series of 6 Apatura iris, L., with larvae ard pupae cases; Wilts. A series of 16 Argynnis paphia, L., all heaviy marked or with confluent spots on forewings. A specimen of Aglas urticae, lu., with almost black hindwings and white areas on apices of forewings. Two Maniola jurtina, L., with bleached area on forewings. A © form of Argyanis (Brenthis) euphrosyne, L., with very light ower markings to forewings. An example of Argynnis (Brenthis) seléne, L., heavily spotted towards bases of all four wings. All above from Forest of Dean. A varying series of Huphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia, Rott., and

a

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eee

RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (9)

a series of Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon, Poda, showing variation, both from Glos. A cream-coloured form of Coenonympha pamphilus, L., and one with suffused hindwings; Forest of Dean. A series of Coenonympha tullia, Hb. (tiphon, Rott.), including 29 showing white hind margins; Aviemore. A specimen of Heodes phlaeas, L., with the left wing partly ab. schmidtii, Clrck.; Glos. A series of 10 Satyrus galathea, L., some being heavily marked; Glos.

_ Hererocera.—A series of Monima (Taentocampa) gracilis, Fb., red- dish form from New Forest and pink form from Forest of Dean. A series of M. (T.) munda, Esp., spotless and banded forms from Forest of Dean. A series of Palimpsestis octogesima, Hb., from Forest of Dean. A series of, Mamestra furva, Hb., from Aviemore. Two pairs of Brachionycha sphinx, Hufn., beaten in November 1941; Glos. A series of 75 Xantholewca (Oporina) croceago, Fb., with two preserved larvae from Forest of Dean. Three specimens of Cucullia chamomillae, Schiff., with two preserved larvae; Wilts. A bred specimen of Calocampa vetusta, Hb., with two preserved larvae of the scarce reddish striped and spotted form; Forest' of Dean. A bred series of Harmodia (Dianthoecia) carpophaga, Bork., including a specimen of the rare uni- colorous bright yellow form; Glos. A series of the so-called brown H. (D.) capsophila, Dup., with a series of normal capsophila from Cork and Kerry, bred in 1937 and 1938 for comparison. A series of four of the very rare Sarrothripus revayana, Tr., ab. ston- nus, Curt., one inclining towards ab. atrata. A series of 7 Miana (Oligia) fasciuncula, Haw., six of the brown and one of the bright red form; Aviemore. A series of 10 Anchoscelts helvola, L., the small dark form from Rannoch. A very pale specimen of Xanthia fulvago, L., ab. flavescens, Esp.; Rannoch. A very dark specimen of Amathes (Noctua) glareosa, Hb.; Rannoch. Two very dark specimens of Leucania conigera, Eb. ; Aviemore. A specimen of Hepialus hecta, L., with considerable white areas above the median band on the fore- wings; Aviemore. A series of Aporophyla nigra, Haw.; Rannoch. A bred series of eight Agrochola (Cucullia) lychnitis, Hb., with three pre- served larvae; Oxon and Wilts. A series of 50 Eumichtis protea, Bork., very varied with a number showing prominent pale stigmata on a dark background; Rannoch. A series of 57 Ortholitha chenopodiata, IL. (imitata, Scop.), including 19 melanic and 19 semi-melanic forms; Avie- more. A _ series of 34 Coenocalpe (Phibalapteryx) lapidata, Hb.; Rannoch. A bred series of 10 Thera juntperata, L.; Aviemore. A series of 15 Thera firmata, Hb., 11 taken at Aviemore with 4 bred from the

- New Forest. A series of six Thera cognata, Thnbg.; Aviemore. A

series of 9 Pachygastria trifolii, Esp., dark brown form taken and bred

'from Somerset. A series of Catocala sponsa, L.; New Forest. A bred

series of 6 Boarmia roboraria, Schiff., with two blown larvae; New Forest. Two specimens of B. punctinalis, Scop. (consortaria, Hb.), bred from the New Forest. A series of Gnophos myrtillata, Thnbg.; Avie- more. A-series of three Hupithecia pulchellata, Steph., including two dark specimens bred Witherslack. A series of 13 Bapta bimaculata, Fb.; Glos. A series of 6 Ortholitha mucronata, Scop., with dark bands; Aviemore. A series of 7 EH. irriguata, Hb.; New Forest. A series of

10 FE. plumbeolata, Haw.; Forest of Dean. A bred series of 12 EH.

valerianata, Hb.; Windermere. A series of 5 Synanthedon tipuli-

(10) - ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1943

formis, Clnk.; Glos. <A series of 3 Synanthedon spheciformis, Schiff., bred from Hants and one taken in Forest of Dean. A series of 7 Synanthedon vespiformis, Esp., bred Wilts. A series of 7 Synanthedon formicaeformis, Esp.; Glos.. A series of 4 Chamaesphecia ichneumon- formis; Glos. A series of 20 Aegeria culiciformis, L., including one with a yellow and one with an orange band, bred Wilts. A specimen of Deilephila galii, Rott., bred Somerset. =

Mr C. Rippon exhibited a large number of his photographs of Lepi- doptera. They were contained in three volumes of the loose-leaf pattern. The first volume contained the Butterflies, the second the Hawks and Bombyces, and the third the Noctuae and Geometrae.

Mr Arcuisarp G. B. Russetn exhibited a selection of moths taken _ in Scotland with his son, Lieut. Anthony Russell, Gordon Highlanders (since killed in action in Malaya), as follows: —Apamea assimilis, L., 8 taken in the Rannoch district (1939). Amathes alpicola, Zett. (hyper- borea, Zett.), 26 of a beautifully tinted form showing a wide range of variation including a remarkable 92 with black forewings touched with blue, from pupae found in Co. Inverness, 1942. Brachionycha nubecu- losa, Zett., a very pale grey form from Aviemore. Aporophyla lutalenta, Gn., examples of var. sedi, Bork., and var. luneburgensis, Frr., both from the Rannoch district. Apatele leporina, L., a white specimen from Aviemore. Triphaena comes, Hbn., var. curtisii, Newm., from Co. ~Moray. Conistra vaccinti, L., var. suffusa, Tutt, from Co. Kirkeud- bright. Achlya flavicornis, L., a specimen heavily banded with black from Struan. Plusia bractea, Fb., eight from Perth. Ortholitha scotica, Ckne., a series from Co. Inverness,-with a series of Ortholitha mucronata, Scop., from the same county for comparison. Hntephria flavicinctata, Hb., twelve from the Rannoch area. Dysstroma citrata, J.., some strik- ing forms from Kirkcudbright and Perth. Lampropteryx suffumata, Schiff., an example with a pale bronze coloured band, and one of var. porritti Robs., both from Aviemore. Cleora jubata, Thnbrg., five from Co. Kirkcudbright. Hlectrophaes corylata, L., var. albo-crenata, L., from Co. Moray. Xanthorhoé spadicearia, Schiff,, a specimen with yellow forewings and dark purple band from Aviemore. LEpirrhoé alternata, Mull., an example with very narrow central band from Co. Kirkeud- bright. Selenia lunaria, Schiff., var. suffusa, from Co. Banff. Crocallis elinguaria, L., two lacking the central band, from Aviemore. LHrannis defoliaria, Clrck., a remarkable black banded specimen from Co. Kirk- cudbright. ;

Mr S. G. Castie Russert exhibited a ¢ Argynnis euphrosyne, L., the forewings heavily suffused with black, and hindwings also black, with rows of small fulvous spots, New Forest, June 1942. Argynnis paphia, L., a 3 underside which has a large area of silver on both hind- wings, and a var. valezina, Esp., underside.of a chocolate colour. Both bred from New Forest 9. A var. valezina underside, the black markings being extended into stripes.

Also the following remarkable collection of aberrations taken in the New Forest in July 1942 by Mr E. E. Jonnson:—Argynnis euphrosyne, L., an exceptionally pure white form of male. Argynnis selene, Schiff., two white gd and four very pale straw °°. Argynnis selene, Schiff.,

RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (11)

a melanic 2 with forewings of obsolescent character, with broad wedges or bars on margins; hindwings, black with small fulvous spots on bases. Argynnis paphia, L., a beautiful and symmetrical example of a @ ab. melaina-ocellata, D’Aldin (very heavily suffused and rayed). Argynnis paphia, L., a truly halved gynandromorph, the sides and end of the body showing very clearly the division of the sexes. Polygonia c-album, L., a ¢ with the costal spots on forewings banded and the hindwings en- tirely black. Maniola jurtina, L., a most remarkable and unique melanic Q, the entire area of all the wings, both upper and underside, being deep coal black except for a very small fulvous area around the spots in the forewings. The black on the hindwings is slightly shiny.

Mer J. A. SreruHens exhibited the following species of Coleoptera :— Stilicus fragilis, Gr. (sulcicollis, Hur. Cat.), taken 12.x11.40, out of a straw heap at Chatham. Pogonochaerus dentatus, (Fourc.), L., taken in October 1940 by beating Ivy; rare. Xylophilus (Hylophilus) popul- neus, Pz., not to be found in the London area, taken at the same place as S. fragilis. From the same heap of straw, Acidota crenata, Fb., on 4.xii.40. All the above were taken in the Chatham district.

Me G. R. Syms exhibited living examples of the ‘‘ Cluster Fly,” Pollenia rudis, Fb., parasitic on some species of earthworm.

Mr R. W. Sparrow exhibited British Microlepidoptera he had taken during the season, including Cerostoma sequella, Clrck., at Chalfont.

Mr M. Tatsor exhibited hybernating larvae of Limenitis camilla, L. (sibilla, L.), and pupae of Macroglossum stellatarum, L.

Mr F. H. Tomexins exhibited Antitype (Polia) chi, L., g and Q, bred from ova from a N.W. Sussex specimen ; Hyloicus pinastri, L., from Bournemouth; and Leucania l-album, Esp., bred from S. Devon.

Mr Hy. J. Turner exhibited a number of life-histories of Micro- lepidoptera of the genus Coleophora = Eupista, including several non- British species. He also showed the ‘‘ British Butterfly ’’ number of -the paper Young England, published about 1860 by the late Edward Newman, and called attention to the List of ‘‘ Reputed Species’? num- bering 76 which it contained.

Mr H. Turner (of Bournemouth).—Hamearis lucina, L. A truly halved gynandromorph of this species. Bred from New Forest ova.

Mr S. WakELy exhibited a number of species of Lepidoptera captured -and bred during .the current season. These included a small series of Acedes piercella, Benct., a species not hitherto recorded in Britain, but mentioned in F. N. Pierce's Genitalia of the Tineina: ‘‘ This spectes may occur in Britain.’? The moths were bred from a bird’s nest taken from an old hollow tree branch at Norwood. It is likely this species has been mistaken for Acedes fuscipunctella, Haw., which it closely resembles, but it has a light head and is a paler species. Other species shown were: Pylarge fumata, Steph., Phthorimaea viscariella, Staint., Elachista per- plexella, Staint., E. megerlella, Staint., and E. scirpii, Staint.—these five species had- been sent from Lancashire in larval form by Mr L. T.

(12) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD’ 15/11/1943

Ford; Acronycta leporina, Linn. (Norwood), Hadena contigua, Vill. (Ashtead), Hupithecia fraxinata, Crewe (innotata, Hufn.) (Norwood), Aegeria flaviventris, Staud. (Effingham), Hucosma foenella, Linn. (bred from larvae in rootstocks of Artemisia abrotanum from a Norwood gar- den), Polychrosis fuligana, Haw. (Ashtead), Recurvaria leucatella, Clerck (Norwood), Gelechia rhombella, Schiff. (Norwood), Phthorimaea obsoletella, Fisch. v. Rosl. (Selhurst), P. atriplicella, Fisch. v. Rasl. (Norwood), Chrysoclsta rhamniella, Zell. (Mickleham), Coleophoru lizella, Zell. (Ranmore), Coleophora onosmella, Brahm (Mickleham), and various other more or less common species.

Lr. W. A. Warxkins, R.N.V.R., exhibited a long series of variations of Huphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia, Rott., taken in W. Devon.

Mr H. O. Wetts exhibited butterflies caught in 1941 and 1942 within the 3-mile radius of Kpsom, Surrey, including many varieties of P. (L.) coridon, Poda, with a series of ab. fowleri, Sth.; varieties of H. phlacas, L., M. jurtina, L., and a B. (A.) ewphrosyne, L., with upperside yellow. The best capture was an Aglais urticae, L., almost black, 16.v11.42.

Mr A. S. WHEELER exhibited an Aglais urticae, L., in which the marking was typical but the usual ground colour was nearly all missing.

Dr Harotp B. WitiiaMs exhibited:—1. Examples of homoeosis in British Lepidoptera—(a) Pieris napi, ab. hibernica, Schmidt (citronea, Frohawk), bred by H. W. Head, July 1931, Donegal origin, with fore- wing markings at tornus and near outer margin of right hindwing. (b) Aglais urticae, L., bred by L. W. Newman, July 1924, from North Kent larva, with large areas of hindwing marking on underside of left forewing. (c) Papilio machaon, L., bred by the exhibitor, 23rd June 1942, from Norfolk pupa, with considerable areas of forewing marking on the upperside of both hindwings, the tail on the right hindwing obsolescent. (d) Dilina tiliae, L., bred by L. W. Newman, May 1941, from North Kent pupa, with areas of hindwing marking on the upper- side of right forewing, on the outer margin. (e) Smerinthus, hyb. hybridus, St., bred by the exhibitor, 16th August 1940, with a stripe of hindwing marking on the left forewing upperside. This example formed part, of the same brood as the larva described and figured by Dr E. A. Cockayne, ‘‘ Prothetely in a larva of Smerinthus, hyb. hybridus, Steph.,”’ Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1941.

2. Series of Dilina tiliae, L., ab. centripuncta, Clark, bred May and June 1940, being part of a second generation from a similar aberration taken by Dr G. H. T. Stovin at Southend in 1938. The form is recessive to the type, but one example, not so extreme as those exhibited, ap- peared in the first generation. This irregularity has been recorded pre- viously, by Standfuss (Insekten-Borse, xix, 163), who obtained three examples and three intermediates in five large broods resulting from crossings of ab. centripuncta and typical tiliae, but misunderstood his

results. | Baron C. G. M. pe Worms exhibited British Lepidoptera taken and

bred during 1942.—A. Series of Butterflies:—Pieris rapae, L., from wild larvae collected near Salisbury; Spring brood showing variation in

RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (15)

sexes. Argynnis paphia, L., valezina, Esp., taken New Forest. Limeni- tis camilla, L., bred from New Forest larvae. Ruralis (Zephyrus) betu- lae, L., bred from Hampshire larvae. Argynnis cydippe, L., taken near Salisbury. —

B. Series of Moths:—Polyploca (Achlya) flavicornis, L., Aviemore. Macrisia sannio, L., Hampshire and New Forest. Hyloplhila (Bena) bi- colorana, Fuess., bred from Surrey. Agrotis ripae, Hb., bred from Som- erset. A. praecox, L., bred from Formby larvae. Mamestira glauca, Hb., Aviemore. Apamea ophiogramma, Esp., bred from Salisbury larvae. Poha (Antitype) chi, L. taken in Galloway. Oria musculosa, Hb., taken near Salisbury. Monima gracilis, Fb. (a) bred from Galloway (pink), bred from New Forest (red), bred from Salisbury (cream). Xantholeuca eroceago, Fb., taken in the Forest of Dean. Cucullia chaimomillae, Schiff., from Salisbury. Cucullia lychnitis, Rbr., bred from Salisbury. Catocala promissa, L., taken in New Forest. Plusia interrogationis, L., bred from Aviemore. Toxocampa pastinum, taken near Salisbury. Ortholitha Sco- tica, Ckn., taken at Aviemore. Scotosia (rhamnata, Hufn.) transversata, Schiff., bred from Salisbury district. Oporinia fiigrammaria, H.-S.,

~taken in Galloway. Thera obeliscata, Hb., bred from Salisbury. Hydrio-

mena coerulata, Fb. (impluviata, Hb.), taken at Salisbury. Lllopia fusciata, L. (prosapiaria, L.), from Struan, Perth. Bupalus piniaria, L., from Aviemore. Monima incerta, Hfn., from Aviemore. Monima munda, Esp., bred from Salisbury. ,

4

C. The following uncommon species, rarities, and aberrations 01 British Lepidoptera were taken or bred during the season of 1942 by the exhibitor:—Pvreris rapae, L., var. wmmaculata, ¢¢ bred, Salisbury, May. Pieris napi, L., a heavily marked 9, Salisbury, August. Argyn- nis paphia, L., var. valezina, Esp., ab. confluens, Spuler; Maniola jur- tina, L., a male with apical eye-spots absent and a dwarf specimen, Salisbury, 1942. Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon, Poda, a series of ¢ and 9°92 showing absence of normal spotting. Polyommeatus icarus, Rott., a Q with very bright markings, Formby, May 1942. Polyommatus (Lysandra) bellargus, Rott., blue forms of 2° and one ab. metallica Odontosia carmelita, Esp., a specimen from Aviemore, 25th May. Pachnolia hyperborea, Zett., a series bred from larvae and pupae, Avie- more, showing variation in markings. Dysstroma citrata, L. (imma--. nata, Haw.), heavily marked specimen from Aviemore (bred). Monima incerta, Hfn., a cream coloured specimen taken at Aviemore. Monima opima, Hb., a dark form, Salisbury. Gonodontis bidentata, Clrek., a pale form from Aviemore. Heliothis dipsacea, L., a pale form, Salis- bury. Mamestra nana, Hufn. (dentina, Esp.), a dark form, Salisbury. Brachionycha nubeculosa, Esp., a dark form from Aviemore.

Me N. G. Wyxzs exhibited (1) 10 Pieris ,apae, L., 2°, showing varia- tion in size of lower median spot, all taken in one locality in the Chil- terns, August 1942. (2) 11 Brenthis (A.) selene, L., including 2 bleached ds, 1 very brightly scaled 2 and 2 heavily marked 9s, Surrey, June 1942. (3) B. (A.) euphrosyne, L., 2, second brood, New Forest, 31.vii.42. (4) C. pamphilus 3, underside with black suffusion on forewing, Chil- terns, June 1942. (5) M. jurtina, L., selected forms including 1 2 with all the ground colour pale buff, Hants, 3.viii.42. (6) H. (L.) phlaeas, L., 2 ds with suffused forewings; 1 ab. caeruleo-puncta, Stdgr., with 4

(14) | ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1943

clearly marked blue spots. (7) 16 P. (Z.) coridon, including 6 d ab. metallica, Q ab. floweri, and ¢G and @ obsolete forms. (8) 15 P. (L.) bellargus, Rott., blue 22 in both broods, Chilterns, June and September 1942. (9) 6 P. icarus, Rott., including 1 ¢ left forewing ab. radiata, Tutt, and hindwing limbo-juncta; 1 ¢ ab. caeca, Gillm., Chil- terns, August 1942. (10) 96 Plebeiws aegon, Schiff. (argus, Hw.), 32 Jg and 64 9, including 1 ¢ pale upperside, 7 bleached forms of 2 upper- side; ¢ undersides, 1 costajuncta-digitata, 1 post-radiata; Q under- sides, costa-juncta, Tutt, basi-juncta, costi-basi-juncta, glomerata, dis- creta (very extreme with all hindwings white ground, Hants and Surrey, July 1942.

A el Zoctogy

«

13420 THD BRITISH NOUTUAE AND THEIR vanterind AR 13 194@5) ! é ; LiBRAK

more as in carpophaga, especially in the two Gicmatnc a ees -lb of

the third area and between the elbowed line and the margin, especially

at the apex of the W. at the wing apex. Hindwing underside and ,

abdomen yellowish.’’ Sicily.

ab. virgata-pallida, Whtmn., Ent. Rec., XL, 22 (1928).

Orica. Descrip.—‘’ A white form in which nearly all the markings are obsolete in the inner and outer areas, and the centre area deep red- brown on which deep backgreund the stigmata show up clearly in paler brown. My two insects have pure white ground colour and are the banded form of pallida, Tutt. J have never seen the extreme white and red-brown banded form before among the many thousands I have bred.’’

ab. sicula, Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 102 (1981).

Fieg.—l.c., 13b. Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ A somewhat smaller, pure grey form with pro- minent dark central area.’’ Sicily and Capri.

ssp. syriaca, Osth., Mitt. Miinch., XXIII, 47 (1933).

Orig. Derscrie.—‘‘ Similar to the ochre-yellowish ochracea, Haw., and its brownish darkened subform brunnea, Tutt, both of which are described as local forms from England. In colour being somewhat be- tween the two, the majority of the specimens are pale reddish-brown with stronger marking: odd examples are paler ochre-yellowish with stronger marking, others darker red-brown like the former, but even in the darkest specimens the reddish-brown tone is distincily in evidence. In a few examples in the lower portion of the marginal area inside the outer transverse line there is a striking whitish appearance.’ N. Syria.

Dianthoecia, Bdv. (1840), most authors. [Polia, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25), Hamps.: Harmodia, Hb. (1819), Warr.-Stz., Meyr., Meyr.] capsincola, Hb. (1790) (Schiff. (1775)) = bicruris, Hufn. (1766).

Tutt did not use the prior name nor even the earliest author of the name he used. Hufn. at ‘that time was not recognized, as the correct date was mistaken. [Although Zeller had pointed out the correct date in Iris, XXXVII, 17 (1844).—T. B. F.] )

Hufn., Berl. Mag., III (8), 302 (1766), described this species under the name bicruris.

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Upper wing has a dark brown ground colour, which in many specimens is sprinkled with pale brown spots. Not far from the costa there stand a longish orbicular spot and a reniform spot, both of which are pale brown in the middle and margined by white. These two spots are united by a large indefinite white blotch, which goes to the inner margin and has brown streaks and spots in it. This large blotch with the two stigmata together make the whitish-grey angular figure depicted in Herr Hufnagel’s name.’’ From Rott. Naturf., UX, 121 (1776).

This form with the diffuse white blotch was certainly not the type of Hb., which really should be taken as a non-typical form under the name capsincola, Hb.

(86) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1943

Tutt, Brit. Noct., I1I, 32 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 79 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., 1V, 242, plt. 163, 2 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., IIIed., 163 (1901): -Hamps., Lep. Phal., V (1905): Splr., Schm. EHur., I, 179, plt. 37, f. 26 (1905): South, M.B.J., I, 250, plt. 124, f. 5-4 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 75, plt. 17 h (1909): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 118, plt. 20, f. 16 (1911): Meyr., Revis. Handb., 149 (1928).

Esper, Abbild. Noct., IV (II, 1), p. 653, plt. 173, 5 (1792-?), gave a figure he called capsincola, not good, but with much suggestion of the fic. Hb. 57. Esper’s figure 3 on plt. 152 impressa is undoubtedly a capsincola in which the transverse lines are very dark, but it has the black markings very much reduced. Werneberg calls it capsincola = bicruris, Rott.

Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Hur., VII, 76, f. 460 a, b (1790), gave two recognizable figures of a Dianthoecia, both of which 460 a, b.depict cap- sincola, 460 a showing considerable scattered whitish markings. Wrnbg., Beitr., II, 118 (1864), determined these figures as bicruris, Hufn.

Brahm, Scriba’s Beitr., II, 119, plt. 9, f. 5 (1791), gave a long de- scription of capsincola and a good coloured figure. The area below the two stigmata was white, the extention of this area to the inner margin turned gradually to a brownish-white on the inner portion. The ground colour is ashy-grey. The stigmata grey with whitish lines around. The claviform is dark brown. The white area gives the figure quite a dis- tinctive character.

Schiff., Verz., 84, P. 6 (1775), was the first to use the name capsincola for a larva feeding in the seed capsules of Lychnis dioica. ‘‘ Lichnis- sameneule.”’

. Hb., Beitr., I (4), 19, plt. 3, P. 1-3 (1789), gave a good figure of capsincola.

Hb., Samml. Noct., 57 (1800-3), gave a very fair figure as capsincola, but in his Text Noct., p. 173, gave Schiff., Verz., as the priority author (1805?); f. 57 has much less black marking than in the figure in the Beitr., and is certainly a distinctive form.

Bork., Naturg. Noct., IV, 367 (1792), said it was the bicruris, Hufn.

Illiger., N. Ausg. Verz., I, 285, P. 6 (1801), said that probably the filigrana, Esp., IV, 1380, 4, was this species. Bork. with a ? placed it to cucubali (rivularis ?).

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 334, plt. 98, 6 (1826), gave a good figure. He said it was the bicruris of Rott.

Freyer, Beitr., II, 122, plt. 87 (1829), gave a very good figure, but did not depict the usual central lighter blotch below the stigmata.

Guen., Hist. Nat., VI, 21 (1852), said it was the bicruris, Rott., of Naturf., IX, 53, and the impressa, Esp., plt. 152, f. 3? He referred to Engr. 460 b.

Barrett, |.c., plt. 163, gave three figures: 2b, with very much lighter markings.

Hamps., Lep. Phal., V, 195 (1905), accepted the name bicruris, Hufn., and attributed the name capsincola to Schiff., Verz., and treated umpressa, Esp., as a synonym.

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 179, plt. 37, 26 (1905), gave one figure and dealt with v. capsincoloides, Stndfs.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (87)

South, M.B.J., Il, 250, plt. 124, 3-4 (1907), gave two very good figures of our average British form, g and Q. In the 2 the whitish . blotch shown in some early figures is quite apparent.

Culot, N. et G., I (1), 118, plt. 20, f. 16 (1911), gave a good figure of the normal form. He said that this species has marking almost exactly like cucubali, but is of a brownish-yellow, while cucubali is strongly violaceous, which the former never is.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 75 (1909), gave two figures of bicruris, Hufn., ¢ and @, and two of a new form, fuligata, Warr., 5 and Q, plt. 17h. The colour of this plate does not give the delicate tint of this species and others. There is a too great dominance of brown. The synonyms of bicruris, Hufn., were given as capsincola, Esp., and im- pressa, Esp. They gave only two forms, the dark suffused fuligata, Warr., and capsincoloides, Stndf., from Corsica.

The Names and Forms to be considered : — bicruris, Hufn. (1766), Berlin Mag., HL 302. f. ee aol. Schiff. (1775), Verz., 84, impressa, Esp. (1788-?), Abbild., IV (1), plt. 152, 3 (a synonym). ab. bondii, nov. [Newman, Ber Moths, p. 387 (1869) ]. ssp. capsincoloides, Stndfs. (1893), Bost Ent. Zeits., XX XVIII, 360. ab. fuligata, Warr.-Stz. (1909), Pal. Noct., III, 75, plt. 17h. Tutt dealt with (1) capsincola, Hb., Beitr., 1, which he took as the type, and said he had never noticed a variety.

Barrett remarked on the variation :—

Usually not variable, or only slightly so in the intensity of the dane clouding and eee

He reported a specimen ‘‘ having the pale colouring below the stig- mata increased into a sort of dusky-white central bar.’’ [This is pos- sibly the typical form bicruris, Hufn.—Hy. J. T.]

Another, ‘‘ in which the margins of the stigmata and the subterminal line is broadened into pew whe clouds, occupying a considerable portion of the fore-wing.’

Another ‘‘ had a considerable broadening of the paltoemanal line, _ but the wavy lines at the extreme margin suppressed.’’

ab. bondii, nov. Newman, Brit. Moths, 387 (1869).

Drscription.—The following is a description of a curious figure of capsincola, figured by Newman from the Bond collection.

‘ White line from the base, running below the stigmata, is more con- spicuously white and divides the wing area into two quite distinct areas. The upper much lighter because the ground is of a lighter shade and the light markings all somewhat larger and more in evidence, even the upper half of the usually dark submarginal band is white with the black sagittate spots very plainly depicted. The lower half below the dividing line is predominately dark in contrast. The black patch below the line _is extended in full width to the inner margin. The submarginal band is here dark and complete as in the typical form. The white markings at base and area between the dark half-bands are irregular scrawls. The submarginal white line of the wing is perfect as in the typical form, but the space beyond the fringes are practically dark without marking.’’ —Hy. J. T.

(88) BNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/4943 °

If it be necessary to name it we may call it ab. bondii, nov.

ssp. capsincoloides, Stndf., Berl. Ent. Zts.,. XX XVIII, 360 (1893).

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Size and wing-shape just as in capsincola, a com- mon and well-spread species. The essential differences lie in the fore- wing marking of the new insect; on the outer side of the reniform the colour is deep black-brown and similarly the deep black-brown colour lies between the two stigmata as well as between the two transverse lines to the inner margin. The last character causes the usually extra- ordinarily distinct claviform to be almost obsolete on account of the . deep ground colour obscuring it. More conspicuous and distinct than in capsincola are the waved line which lies almost parallel to the outer — margin, as well as the shape of the reniform and especially of the or- bicular. These two latter markings are notably larger than in capsin- cola (when it is not an individual characteristic)—I have, up to now, never seen them so large. On the upperside the hindwing of this Cor- sican insect is marked by a pale band from the light spot in the anal angle up to the apical angle, lying somewhat parallel to the hind mar- gin. The head, thorax and abdomen are all darker than in capsincola.”’

ab. fuligata, Warr:-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 76 (1909).

Fig.—l.c., plt. 17h.

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ Examples from ea are all decidedly smaller and much blacker than the ordinary form.’

Dianthoecia, Bdv. (1840). Most authors. [Polia, Och. & Treit. (1816-25), Hamps.: Harmodia, Hb. (1819), Warr.-Stz., Meyr., Meyr.] cucubali, Schiff. (1775, last author in that year) = rivularis, Fb. (1775).

Tutt here too did not work out the prior name, but took the cucubali, Fuessli (1784), Neu. Mag., II (2), 218, for the type description, a much more informative account than any of those which preceded it.

rivularts, Fab., Sys. Ent. (1775), p. 613.

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Cristata alis deflexis fuscis; fascia grisea apice bifida flavo marginata.’’? ‘‘Alae fuscae basi strigis aliquot undatis fuscis, in medio fascia latigrisea, ad marginem crassicrem bifida: laciniis flavo marginatis. Margo ipsi nigro cinerisque variegatus. Pone fasciam striga undata flavicans.’’ In Ent. Sys., III (2), 107 (1794), he added ‘‘ vix differt’’ from capsincola of Verz., 84, 4, and that it was the cucubali of the Verz., 84, 5. Also it was he tr aes of Thunberg, Dissert, P. 3 (1784). none

Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 33 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 79 (1895): Barr., Lep. Brit. Is., TV, 238, plt. 183, 1 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., I1led., 163 (1901): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 179, plt. 37, 27 (1905): Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 194, fig. 26 (1905): South, M.B.I., 1,251, plt. 124, 5-6 (1907): Warr.- Stz., Pal. Noct., Tl, 75, plt. 17g, h (1909): Culot, N. ec G., ¥ (); 119, plt. 20, f. 17 (1911): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 149 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 102 (1934).

Schiff., Verz., 84, P. 5 (last publication in 1775), was the first to use the name cucubali for the larva which fed on Lychnis dioica. The

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"BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WwooD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA, DURING

ee aa BA. Beeds 2... te

Nee adinnt ceux’ GoLebrrenk ‘Horoce Donlaiharne, PLS. FR. ES. 18 HAIR-PENCILS AND SCENT BRUSHES, Rev. Desmond Murray... .. 19 MORE ON “AN ARTIST’S NOTE,” P.Siviter Smith ... — ... 21

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BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA, 1942. 15

BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON,

DURING 1942. )3 820 By H. A. Lezps. (~ apy 23 1943 : NL ip rant

A few hibernated urticae and rhamni appeared prior to 11th April, when I saw a male rapae, and another on 14th; then two or three daily when fine until the 29th, when six or seven were flying in the garden. On 3rd May the first female appeared, and ten males, when a brassicae and two cardamines, all males, also were first seen. The emergence increased gradually and quite fresh cardamines were observed on 25th June. A sharp frost: ensued the next morning. The Pieris pests had not then appeared in sufficient numbers to do any appreciable harm, and in August and September the whites were so numerous that it was impossible to cope with their larvae and all the Autumn green vege- tables were destroyed. The second brood of napi was also abundant.

When prumi larvae were approaching full growth a severe frost oc- curred one night in May and on going to Monks’ Wood two evenings afterwards I found a dead larva and three others affected by the frost, which darkens the posterior half from which shrivelling and death mostly ensue. One, however, managed to pupate and a female emerged with somewhat. rounded but fair-sized forewings and the hindwings rather less than ordinary length but only 3 to 4 mm. broad. These narrow wings each contained two of the fulvous markings on the upper . surface, and the fringes on the inner margin are complete, but else- where the wings are ragged. Three other larvae obtained at the same

TS, AREA

o of Compay, Le" Zoology “ )

time appeared healthy and two perfect males emerged; the other larva

attained full growth and then for eight days wandered about a glass- topped metal box. It was provided with old and young leaves of both narrow and broad-leaved blackthorn, fresh at intervals, but would not eat or pupate, although I provided two stems for choice of a resting place, and it died. In the wild state I saw five male pruniz in Monks’ Wood on 21st June, and afterwards for a few fine days the males be-

- came fairly plentiful, but females were scarce, and. the bountiful supply

which might possibly have ensued from the 1941 fine and sunny flight in the early part of July was doubtless minimized by the frost. This season during the first four days of emergence only one was seen feed- ing ani this was on flowers of dog-wood, Cornus sanguinea. On 25th June they frequented the privet flowers and one day I noticed that a creamy-green spider had seized a male pruni, halfway along the body. Placing both in a cyanide bottle the butterfly was quiescent in a few seconds, but the spider only released its grip after about four minutes, walked dizzily away and collapsed. This occurred in full sunshine, and no doubt prunt was gripped when feeding. Possibly a similar oc- currence had been overlooked in previous years, as during the next evening three more living malés were seen to be held in an exactly similar way. I have no book here to identify the species, but this spider is rather common; it is of sturdy build with round body and rather thick

legs, pale and greenish, and evidently hunts its prey. A very different

_ wainscot-coloured and more slender spider frequents the long grasses,

and with the aid of a bicycle lamp I have seen them catch coridon when asleep on Royston Heath. Many pruni are caught in spiders’ webs.

16 ENTOMOLOGIS!'’S RECORD. 15/TIT/1943

This season no living lucina were seen, but a dead male was noticed in a web.

Of the Hairstreaks, rubi was fairly plentiful, as also was w-album; quercus very scarce; and one only of each sex of betulae were noticed, as imagines.

A remnant of our beautiful flowery grass fields remainéd uncut in July, no other like it is left, and more than half of that field was cropped with wheat, to reach which portion farming implements had made a rather wide pathway for about 100 yards through the grass, and along which I could wander up and down. Thinking it might give a last chance of watching in its limited area the beauty now almost reduced to a memory, J visited it regularly after 4th July, but apart from some worn w-album, c-album, sylvestris, a few jurtina and ‘“ whites,’’ the quantities were disappointing until 14th July, when shortly after an early tea I arrived on the pathway and saw freshly- hatched galathea climbing up the stems of grass; jurtina was also hatch- ing, and as I patrolled the path in the still air and brilliant sunshine their quantities were continually increasing. As the evening advanced both species began to feed at the various flowers, of which the black knapweed, Centaurea nigra, was most abundant, but clumps of thistles and the prominent ragwort, Senecio jacobaeu, provided choice; many pamphilus, lineola and tithonus, with an occasional phlaeas, nearly all fresh, joined in the feeding, sunning or gambolling. Rarely netting, I was looking and hoping for a pronounced variety, but only one was seen and this a female jurtina with both frontwings grey speckled on a pale ground. It was settled with expanded wings; the hindwings were much darker and grey. It was near me and just before my net reached it a large fly struck it in the middle; the startled butterfly flew off and, passing over a wire fencing, went down among the wheat. Three days later I saw and captured it in the grass field; the forewings remained perfect but the hindwings were very torn. The pathway reached the end of an elm wood where a few c-album frequently settled; in its hedge two or three aegeria, several worn w-album and lots of tithonus and jurtina were feeding on the blackberry flowers. Altogether hun- dreds of fresh butterflies had hatched that evening and were flying up to the time when the western sun was obscured by a black cloud before setting. This cloud advanced and produced a volume of rain at. night- fall, and the next day nearly every butterfly appeared washed out. Afterwards emergences were meagre. Although that evening I re- turned home with only one specimen, a female jurtina with two addi- tional pronounced spots on the underside forewings, it was a pleasure to see such a large number of mixed species; a few urticae, rapae and aglaia were included. It is impossible for such a concentrated emerg- ence to occur elsewhere in this district, as the last two rough grass fields on the hilly range have been torn up by a gyrotiller. This destroyed two public pathways, one crossing the first field centrally to- wards Abbots’ Ripton and the other leading almost from corner to corner towards Alconbury Hill in the second field. It occasioned con- siderable grumbling and inconvenience to the rural inhabitants as the highway is circuitous and in parts has a very rough surface for pedes- trians. I have seen a plan embracing these fields and both footpaths are delineated thereon, hence they should be made passable again after

BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA, 1942. 17

the war. Several of the old grassfields have had a first crop of flax, which is not materially affected by wireworms, and it has produced a fair result. Following a crop of. flax some allotments were allocated for this hamlet, but despite numerous traps of pieces of potatoes and carrots inserted into the earth on sticks, and considerable hunting, the wireworms seriously depleted the onion, potato and other vegetable crops. Some idea of their abundance can be estimated from the fact that my brother destroyed 836 wireworms in one day on: ten rods of allotment, and large numbers were killed on other days. About six aeres of Monks’ Wood is being cleared for planting potatoes. More hedges have been cut and drains cleared out than in peace time, whilst new drains have been added in the fens. Cultivation is of major im- portance.

Most of my time is spent on the grass verges of the roads or on the railway banks. Only one argtolus was seen, in the spring, and then one cardut, and in the suminer another of the latter; atalanta was scarce; urticae and io in fair numbers; colonies of .icarus getting more numerous; very few agestis (medon); phlaeas less than last year in second brood and two nice female upperside abv. auroradiata taken; at the end of September and early October six of a third breod seen. No Colias appeared, nor semele, for which special search was made, as a collector visiting the district wanted them; up to a few years ago they were fairly common,

In Monks’ Wood during April c-album was seen sporting with 10, and elsewhere euphrosyne, cydippe and paphia about in usual quantity, also venata (sylvanus); tages, malvae, hyperantus and rhamm were somewhat scarce. Three camilla, each at different woods, were seen.

The second brood of megera was most abundant in August, and al- most every day I spent two or three hours examining them; the varia- tion was poor.. A special note was made of this, for inclusion, before seeing Mr FF. H. Day’s remarks, page 121, of the October Entomologist’s Record regarding its abundance in the Carlisle district. Like Mr Day, I had never seen megera so plentiful previously.

' The season here was generally poor in variation and only one out- standing aberration was taken when my first netted fresh c-albwm had all wings centrally biack banded and was heavily marked elsewhere, -on a pale ground. It was captured on 25th June, and is a male. On 3rd July some hibernated c-albiun were flying with fresh ones, and one of the latter settled on my black net, which presented a flat surface as I was holding it taut. If I had raised the net quickly and released my grip of the bag it could have been easily caught, but it was typical; soon it made a long flight along the riding, and, returning, settled on the surface of the net again. This it shortly repeated, but returning from the next flight it settled on elm but quickly came to me and alighted on my cap, which I quietly removed ; this action apparently startled it, for it hurriedly departed over the wood. Only five e-album were seen during the second brood, but the weather seldom favoured their flight.

die ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. © 15/11/1945

SOME MIDDLESEX COLEOPTERA. By Horace DonistHorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc.

As far as I am aware, no attempt at a complete list of the beetles of Middlesex has been published, nor has the Victoria History of that county appeared yet. The following record consists of beetles I have taken in a few localities in Middlesex in recent years, and it is intended for the benefit of any Coleopterist who may be compiling such a list. Of course, there are a number of other species to be found, in my Ento- mological Journals, from this county, all of which I should be pleased to place at the disposal of anyone who is preparing a list ef the Coleop- tera of Middlesex. My other records include ail those beetles I used to take in a granary in Holborn years ago. There are also several curious captures made in London, the chief among them being Malachius aeneus, L., which I caught, in my top hat, on the wing in the Hay- -market on 30th May 1892!

CaraBipsr.—Carabus violaceus, L., in my garden and on footpaths, Heston; C. monilis, F., in gardens, Lampton; Hlaphrus riparius, L., on mud near canal, Boston Manor; Chlaentus nigrocornis, F., under rejectamenta in damp spot, Boston Manor; Acupalpus meridianus, L., on pavement, Heston; Ophonus puncticollis, Pk., in cut grass in church- yard, Old Heston; O. seladon, Schaub., 3, in drain, Osterley Station; O. ruficornis, F., on pavements, under rubbish in fields, etc., Heston; Harpalus aeneus, F., on pavements, “Heston, and on path, Boston Manor; Stomis pwmicatus, Pk., in drain, Osterley Station; Pterostichus madidus, F., in house, on pavements, and garden, Heston; P. nigrita, F’., common in damp places, Boston Manor; P. vernalis,. Pz., under refuse, damp spot, Boston Manor; Amara apricaria, Pk., in garden, Heston; A. acuminata, Pk., in cut grass, Old Heston churchyard; A. familiaris, Duft., in bathroom, Heston; A. lucida, Duft., on pavement, Heston; A. trivialis, Gyll., on pavements, Heston; Anchomenus micans, Nic., by sweeping Nasturtium amphybium, Boston Manor; Bembidion lampros, Hbst., on pavements, Heston; B. littorale, Ol., on mud near canal, Boston Manor; Trechus minutus, F., var. flavo- humeralis, Donis., in cut grass in Old Heston churchyard, for several years; the typical form not present.

DytiscipaE.-—-Agabus bipustulatus, Li., under rubbish in dry pond, Boston Manor. :

HypRopHitipaE.—Anacaena bipustulata, Steph., sluicing mud in damp spot, Boston Manor; Helophorus aequalis, Th., H. brevipalpis, Bed., and Ochthebius pygmaeus, F., on mud, Boston Manor; Megas- ternum boletophagum, Marsh., in cut grass, Old Heston churchyard.

(To be continued.)

PLATE II.

VOL. LV.

P]uRRAY del, Ent. Record and Journ. of Variation.

HAIR-PENCILS AND SCENT BRUSHES.

HAIR-PENCILS AND SCENT BRUSHES. 19

HAIR-PENCILS AND SCENT BRUSHES. (With Plate IT.)

By Rev. DesmMonp Murray.

The more closely our moths are studied the more evident it becomes that insects generally and Lepidoptera in particular (with allied fami- lies) are furnished with elaborate sense organs.

These are variously distributed over different parts of the insect: the wings, legs, thorax and abdomen often hold sensitive cells in great variety. ‘‘ Probably all the hairs and bristles with which insects’ bodies are studded are sensitive to touch and to vibrations; it may be some have senses we cannot appreciate,’? Malcolm Burr has told us. The late Dr Eltringham, whose death we had to recently lament and who was the recognized authority on this subject, found that a tiny Caddis fly of the genus Hudroptila had an elaborate apparatus at the back of the head, comprising sets of scent glands and extensible brushes, protected by folding covers, neatly arranged and packed away under a pair of hinged lids, barely 1/50th of an inch across. (T.E.S., 1919,

p. 420.) ‘ One hardly knows which is more marvellous,’’ the same

writer says, ‘‘ the microcosm of nature or the skill and ingenuity of the men who have found, dissected and interpreted such minuteness.”’ With moths these various kinds of scent organs have so far only been

partially studied. Here it is contended that they are of much more

frequent occurrence than is generally supposed, that they extend, in fact, to all the families of moths in our lists, from the Sphingidae to the Tineina, for they are found with all these in one or other of the parts mentioned. Though varying considerably in form, their function must be similar in every case.

A few notes are given-here on the Hair-Pencils and Scent Brushes which are found on the abdomen and legs of many of our common moths. It is only the male insect which possesses these organs.

(1) First, to make clear what particular organs we refer to. The Hair-Pencils which are found especially amongst the Noctuidae consist

‘of long tufts of specialized scales, on each side of the first segment of

the abdomen. Generally they are concealed in a pocket or extensile pouch and therefore are seldom seen. They arise from chitinous sockets and show muscle fibres which must serve to extend the brush from its groove. When expanded they resemble two elaborate fans.

Though previous writers had noticed them, Mr F. N. Pierce drew special attention to their frequent occurrence in the Noctuids. (Cfr. Genitalia Noct., 1909, p. 18.) Amongst the 300 odd species examined some 40 were found to have the Hair-Pencils, which also occur in close proximity to the genital organs, but more generally on the first abdomi- nal segments. Although he recorded their presence in every species in

which he actually observed them, his failure to notice them in other

species is not to be taken as conclusive evidence of their absence. Eltringham examined and illustrated the Hair-Pencils in the case of two common moths, i.e. P. meticulosa and X. monoglypha (polyodon) (T.E.S., 1925, p. 1), concluding that they must be for the diffusion of scent. Probably they are never expanded except in flight and perhaps only then in the presence of the female, Eltringham tells us, Two fur-

20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111 /1943

ther examples are given (Figs. 1 and 2) of C. absynthii and H. lucens. The first has, in addition, the underside of the cell of the forewing covered with a dense tuft of long setae and prominent tufts on the back of the body. These together no doubt constitute both scent container and distributing brushes. The otlier example was generally considered a form of H. mctitans, though really a distinct species. The latter does not possess the Hair-Pencils. They may then be of some specific value. Similar ones are found in H. paludis, H. crinanensis and other allied species.

(2) As well as the Hair-Pencils there are extensile sacs known as the Coremata. These are similar tufts of specialized scales (often also termed Hair-Pencils) which are sometimes found on the eighth segment on each side of the body, the setae often being spatulate in form. The Coremata show very similar structure to the Hair-Pencils proper and must be considered to function in the same way as distributors of scent. This contention is strengthened by the fact that in some tropical species a more elaborate organ is found in the same position, which Eltringham concluded was an organ of scent (T.H.S., 1927, p. 431). The particular species he mentioned was from Trinidad. This and many S. African species have Hair-Pencils on the first and eighth segment as well as Scent Brushes on the legs.

The Coremata are distinct from the Peniculi on the ninth segment, which are expansions of the tegumen, though also in close priximity to the genital organs. Examples of Coremata amongst the Geometridae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae, and the Tineina are shown in Figs. 6 to 9 (after Pierce). They vary considerably in size and form.

(8) The Scent Brushes are more generally found on the legs, the male moth only being affected. Recently an example was given in which the brush is found on the foreleg (Hnt. Record, 54, p. 65); another where the second pair of legs holds a similar organ (Vol. 53, p. 73). This was of H. derasa, which is of special interest as its presence had not been previously recorded.

The two examples given here are found on the hind legs, i.e. Hepialus humuli and H. hecta—Figs. 3, 4 and 5. In the first case the hind leg is normal, except that the tibial spurs are absent, but the femur holds a large tuft of long setae or a Scent Brush. The brush, as in most cases, is on the inner side of the leg, held close to the body. Barrett first noticed that the tibia of hecta was aborted into a kind of swollen sac or ‘‘ a bladdery termination,’’ as he called it, and that this organ gave forth a scent. The last leg joint and foot is absent, or at least so it appears.

The first figure shows the brush in position; the second the tibia denuded of scales, showing the bases or sockets from which the setae spring; the third what appears to be the remains of a foot. There is a small section at the end of the leg which seems to be more chitinized than the rest. What appears to be a minute rudimentary foot can pos- sibly be made out in this area. Jn some mounts it appears to be more in the centre, though it generally seems to be carried away by the dense scales.

Deegener says the swollen tibia contains the glandular apparatus. (Cfr. Zeit, Wiss, Zool., 1902, p. 276.)

MORE ON ‘‘ AN ARTIST’S NOTE.’’ 21

The presence of the Scent Brush in these moths goes to disprove the theory that in the case of the Hepialidae the female seeks the male and not vice versd (T. E. Robson, Hnt. Record, Vol. 3, p. 55 seq., 1892). “‘ The male hwmuli,’? Robson says, ‘‘ flies in this conspicuous manner that the female may see him and his hght colour very greatly assists

this.”? But if the male is using his Scent Brush, while in flight, as a

means of finding his partner (as must be supposed) the case is reversed or the female must have some corresponding scent to attract him. Which theory is correct?

The other three species in our fauna do not seem to have a Scent Brush, though probably all moths, as already stated, have one or more in some form or another. It is interesting to find that the flight of these three species is quite different from that of the other two. Robson supposes that in the former cases it is the female which diffuses the scent.

It is only by a eloser study of these interesting organs in a variety of insects and by comparison that the problem of their true function ean be solved.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Hair-Pencils: Fig.1. ¢ Cucuilia absynthii, Linn. x6. Fig. 2. ¢ Hydraecia lucens, Frey. x 12.

Scent Brushes: Fig. 3. ¢ Hepialus humuli, Linn. Hind leg x 12. Fig. 4. ¢ H. hecta, Linn. Hind lege and single:seta x 12. Fig. 5. Same denuded of setae and rudimentary foot.

Genitalia showing Coremata (after Pierce): Fig. 6. ¢ Acidalia imitaria, Hb. (Geometridae). Fig. 7. 4 Diasemia litterata, Scop. (Pyraustidae). Fig. 8. 3 Pandemis heparana, Schiff. (Tortricidae). Fig. 9. ¢ Parectopa ono- nidis, Z. (Tineina).

MORE ON ‘‘ AN ARTIST’S NOTE.” By P. Stvirer SmirH.

At the risk of becoming tedious to readers I would like to add a word or two following the very interesting points made by ‘‘ An Old Book-Maker.’?. The correspondence I have received since the subject was opened makes me think that this discussion that has been running is not without interest to some at any rate.

We are referred now to colour-gravure and collotype. I did omit mention of them because on the whole, for colour work in particular, they are costly on small runs such as are required for scientific publica- tions. My note was not, of course, intended to be a comprehensive review of the various processes—I am hoping sometime in the not too distant future to be able to help to produce within one cover a general outlime of all available methods together with other relevant matter, but my previous note was rather sketchy.

I am familiar with the two processes in ee cae Our friends the

Sun Engraving Company have been very successful with photo-gravure,

particularly in making the process into one that could be operated com- mercially on a Jarge scale with consistent results. Whilst it is true to say that gravure need not employ a screen, it is not correct to say that a screen is not used, At the present time a screen is often used ;

22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / TTI /1943

I have just checked this with current copies of The Illustrated London News and Illustrated and they both show screen pattern. A screen is not necessary for gravure or collotype but increasing use is now made of them as they make production rather easier and quicker.

Collotype is, in its basic idea, not unlike gravure and gives good results when carefully worked. Both processes are alike in that a. fairly good result is obtained nowadays without much time or money being spent; it is when a very careful match to an original is required that cost leaps up, as colour correction in the two processes is not easily carried out. In collotype and gravure, therefore, by the time that colour correction to exacting scientific standards has been applied the cost has generally risen very considerably.

I must, however, correct an impression given by ‘‘ An Old Book- Maker.’’ Referring to the dots of the screen pattern visible under a magnifying glass, he says they are as a result not of value for scientific work that involves magnification. This is true, of course. By infer- ence, he suggests that as gravure and collotype do not use a screen therefore they can serve as a safe scientific guide even under magnifica- tion. This is a dangerous assumption. The absence of screen pattern is apt to make one think that the detail as shown by a collotype print is scientifically correct. Whilst it would be right to say that a closer approximation is thereby achieved, it should be clearly understood that it is only an approximation and should not be relied upon as scientifically exact either for colour or shape and outline.

The main advantage these processes have is that when no screen is employed the image is clearer and is a nearer approximation of the actual object. It must be borne in mind, however, that apart from this these two processes still have to undergo the same stages of breaking down for colours by filters (an imperfect process), some consequent hand correction work by retouching artists, or manipulation of the plates by etchers. There is therefore no guarantee that, apart from a cleaner outline due to lack of screen dots, the gravure or collotype sheets are any more accurate for colour or light and shade than any other process. All processes of reproduction attempt to portray outline, shape and colour occurring in two planes by manipulation of light and shade in~ one plane only, and as such are not capable of enduring critical scientific examination that requires more exactness than this.

It is therefore important not to exaggerate the use to which a printed or photographic sheet can be put, whether the sheet be by gravure, collotype or other ‘‘ non-screen ’’ process, or by one where a screen or other mechanical device is used. The compromise that all such pro- cesses have to make to reproduce objects prevents complete reliance being put on the portrayal thereby given of ‘‘ anatomical structure of an insect through a lens ’’ as mentioned.

For example, consider the shining forewings of Lycaena phlaeas, L., the Small Copper. Reproduce this by gravure, collotype or other non-screen process and then examine the veins of the forewings with a lens. They will not be broken up into a series of dots but they will nevertheless appear as a shining white line with a dark one beneath it. This is the ‘‘ highlight ’’ on top of the vein and the slight shadow beneath it. It is not structurally the vein, it is the interpretation on paper of the appearance of that vein to the camera lens. /

COLLECTING NOTES. 23

Possessing two separated lenses (eyes) we are able automatically to recognise depth of focus and therefore to see that one part of an object is thicker or higher than another part. A camera lens can only portray the eflect of this by highlight and shadow. No process is free from this limitation. of course, so that I hope these points will warn anyone pos- sibly mistaking the tenor of an ‘‘ Old Book-Maker’s ’’ remarks and being led into giving scientific standing to everything that is seen under magnification of a non-screen process or photographic reproduction whether in colour or black and white.

Stereoscopic photography .would be even more accurate as that re- places the second plana of depth which it is impossible to obtain on a printed sheet, not with a single printed image at any rate. Stereo- scopic printing can be done within limits, as probably everyone knows, but an appropriate eye-piece for viewing is required.

COLLECTING NOTES.

Notes ON VARIATION FROM THE WoRTHING MvusEuM COLLECTION (Continued from. p. 10).—K. epiphron.—The English series are from the Red Screes and from Honister Crag. All are of the cassiope form, the former rather the larger, the spotting of the Qs in the latter being very clear on both surfaces. Scotch specimens from Rannoch (none of them too good) are rather larger and have a rather more clearly-marked band. There are Swiss series from both sides of the Simplon Pass, from the Alpe Pianascio (Tessin) and the Engadine. Most of those from the Simplon are of the valesiaca form with very little or no spotting, but the Qs from the top of the Pass have clearer spots; they are slightly larger than the Scotch. Two ds from Pontresina are rather large, but the rest from the Engadine are ‘small. Those from the Alpe Pianascio have very clear spots on a conspicuous band. There are two very small specimens from Anthémoz on the Dent du Midi without any spots. Of French specimens there are two from le Lauteret of most pronounced valesiaca form, quite spotless, while those from the Pyrennees are large and the only ones that can be regarded as of the type form.

E. aethiops.—There is a fine series from Arnside, and all but one

_ 2 have four spots on the upperside of the forewing, but only one 9 has four on the underside. The three spots on the upperside of the hind- wing of the d's are very indistinct, sometimes hardly visible, but those of the 2, four in number, are very clear, with one exception. (There are never any on the underside of the hindwing.) The light bands of the underside hindwing vary greatly, though the colours are less pro- nounced than in the Scotch specimens or in those from the Rhone Valley. All the gs are of the violacea form, two 2 tending towards leucotaenta with a very slight tinge of violet and one tending towards ochracea. In the Scotch specimens from Rannoch all have three spots on the forewing, both upper and underside in the ds, but the Qs have four on the underside; the upperside hindwing has generally four spots, but they are very indistinct in the ds. On the underside three of the

~~ Qs are of the leucotaenia form, three of the ochracea and one of the violacea,

24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / ITI /1943

Of the Swiss specimens the ds from Miirren have three spots and the @s four on each of the wings on the upperside, but both sexes have three on the underside of the forewing. These specimens are very large. The light bands on the underside hindwing are inconspicuous and none of them show any of the aberrational colouring. Those from Aigle are also very large; all have four spots on the forewing on the upper- side, but on the underside ¢s have three, 9s four. One of the Qs is a very strongly marked lewcotaenia, the base being as light as the cen- tral band; there is one ¢ violacea, and of the Qs two are violacea and one ochracea. From Vallarbe there is a small ¢ and a large 2 both of the violacea form, while those from Eclépens show no peculiarities. A few @s from Mt. Revard have three spots on the forewing of both sides and four very indistinct ones on the upperside hindwing. There is one G from Vernet of very pronounced viclacea form.

Satyrus galathea.—There is a short series from the White Horse Hill which I took in 1886, still looking quite fresh, also series from Bude, the Cotswoids, the Chilterns and a pair from Wolford. The Bude specimens are a great contrast to all the others, being very strongly marked, especialiy the eye-spots on the underside hindwing, while the others are mostly faint except one ¢ from the Cotswolds; those from the Chilterns tend to obsolescence. The spots on the underside hind- wing are very small in the ¢s from the White Horse Hill and Wolford. There are curious anomalies in the ground colour. The hindwings underside of the Bude 9s are very yellow, while the others show little or none. On the upperside one 2 from the Cotswolds is very yellow, while another, taken the same day, is quite white; one ¢ from Bude is white, another rather yellow, another quite yellow.

Specimens from the Rhone Valley are large, especially the 9s; the undersides are very like the Bude specimens, especially the Qs, but hardly so strongly marked; there are two dos from Bérisal, the under- side very clear, the dark bands being scarcely more than outlined. A ¢ from the Jura has a very yellow upperside. There is‘one ¢ from Samoussy, very white; those from Aix-les-Bains are mostly white, but one is yellow; on the underside hindwing the darker bands are little more than outlined. From the Tyrol come large examples, especially the 2s; one ¢ is rather yellow. At Assisi the examples are rather dark, while those from the Abruzzi are of the procida form. This occurs exceptionally in specimens from the Rhone Valley, but south of the Alps all are of this form. Specimens from Fiesole are rather small, those from N.E. Italy larger. Those from the Mt. de Lure are also of this form. All those from Greece are of the turcica form—very black—so also is one from Bulgaria. Several from the Rhone Valley are almost spot- less on the underside, approaching ab. galene, one completely so; this is very common in the Apennines, the central band being also gener- ally obsolescent in the gs. There are only two examples of lewcomelas, one from Digne, the other from Assisi. There is also. a very remarkable specimen from Assisi, having the left side almost entirely black, and a good deal on the right forewig; there is also much black on the under- side.

N. tages.—This is by far the most variable and consequently the most interesting of all thea English ‘‘ skippers.’?’ The English speci- mens are far the most marked of all. The central band of the forewing

COLLECTING NOTES. 25

varies a good deal in shade, and is sometimes continuous and sometimes broken; so also are both dark bands, but the inner one is rarely con- - tinuous. The best marked specimens are from the N. Downs. Those from Wolford are all light, one being very light; the border of white dots in these is also generally. conspicuous, whereas in others it rarely shows. Swiss specimens are far less marked, though there is one ex- ception, a @ from the Val Tiniere. There is one from the Laquinthal as dark as the Spanish cervantes, and with very narrow forewings; one 3S from Ja Grave is rather light. In Italy it is regularly double- brooded; the first generation is small and rather light, fairly clearly marked, but the bands are very narrow and the underside a very pale brown. The Spanish form cervantes is very dark and very little marked.

H. malvae.—There is very little difference in these except for more or less yellow in the brown of the underside hindwing. The English are slightly the smallest specimens, but a few of the French are hardly larger, while the Swiss are noticeably so. There is ona fresh example from the Cotswolds, taken on 15th July, which is probably a case of ' delayed emergence, as this species is persistently single-brooded in con- trast to the closely-related H. malvoides, which is everywhere double- brooded. It is found in July in Switzerland in mountain localities, and it is very cold at the top of the Cotswolds when this specimen is taken. All the intermedia came from Switzerland, but the fasciata form, with a band on the hindwing, is not uncommon in England. There is a very fine ab. taras from Pagny above Aix, and several from Switzerland, all good, but the best are from Sonzier and the Val Tiniere.

U. comma.—A very constant species with regard to the upperside, but there is a good deal of variation in the amount of greer tinge on the underside hindwing. There is a very good and bright ab. catena from the N. Downs, a form which is very common in Switzerland; there is also a good ab. flava from Mt. Cably, near Montreux. English speci- mens are rather small, but the Lapland ones are smaller; the French larger than the English but smaller than the Swiss.

A. sylvanus (now written of as Ochlades venosa, which very few people recognize under this name).—Another very constant species. The Knglish specimens are from the N. Downs, the New Forest, the Lake District and Bude; the New Forest 9s are rather the darkest; the Belgian ones are like them. Italian specimens on the whole are slightly lighter; French ones the lightest of all, especially one @ from Aix-les- Bains.

A. flava (linea).—Also a very constant species except in the matter of size. The English ones are small, especially those from the S. Downs, so also are the Swiss; the Italian specimens are all rather lighter and larger. Greek specimens are very large, quite as large, in fact, as the last species.

A. actaeon.—There are a few from Lulworth taken in 1891, the markings in the @ forewing being the least conspicuous. The French specimens here are all very dark; the Swiss 9s are rather darker than the English, but the 9s have lighter markings; the Italian specimens are very like the English but with more clearly-marked Qs. A 9 from Cyprus is nearly unicolorous; one from Palestine in no way noticeable.

T. lineola.—There is a short series from Gravesend, small, but moun- tain specimens from Larche and the Abruzzi are smaller, and two from

26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1943

Digne no larger. Swiss specimens and, those from Hockai (Belgium) are larger. Other Italian specimens are very like English ones but a shade darker.

C. palaemon.—i¥nglish specimens on the average are slightly the largest ; there are others from France, Belgium, and Switzerland. Varia- tion is very slight; there is more or less dark on the upperside, and the shade of the spots on the underside hindwing also shows slight dif- ferences.—Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S.

Correction.—The observations on N. myrtale in Vol. lili, p. 122, line 5 from the bottom, refer to V. livia. There are no N. myrtale in the Worthing Museum Collection.—G. W.

DRAGONFLIES ON THE ISLES or NortH Uist anp BaALEsHARE.—Both of these islands are in the Outer Hebrides, the smaller Baleshare lying just west of its neighbour. Both are abundantly supplied with lochs ~ and lochans, and normally dragonflies are quite common. This season, however, was very wet and but few species were seen. Amongst. these were Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp., and Sympetrum danae, Sulzer, which occurred in small numbers on Loch Mor, Baleshare. The former species was also plentiful enough on Lochs Hunder and Skealtar on North Uist, whilst Aeshna juncea, L., was taken on the stream flowing toward the sea between the North and South Lees, North Uist.—J. W. Hestop Harpgison, King’s College, University of Durham, Newcastle- upon-Tyne. 4

EUPITHECIA PULCHELLATA, STPH., IN THE OvuTER HesripEs.—In the Outer Isles the Foxglove, the food plant of this pretty insect, favours rugged ravines down which mountain torrents rush. In two of these on Beinn Mhor, in South Uist, the plant ascends to a height of about 1000 feet, and throughout its range Hupithecia pulchellata larvae are plentiful in August in its flowers. Much the same holds true on the South Lee in North Uist, although the height attained is barely 900 feet. The only other Lepidoptera noted on the South Lee with the ‘‘ pug,’’ and actually attaining the same height above sea level, were Maniola jurtina, Linn., Abraxas grossulariata, L., Camptogramima bilineata, L., and Cidaria immanata, Haw.—J. W. Herstop Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

OrHER Leprportera Notep in NortH Uist rn 1942.—The wetness of the season prevented much attention being given to the Lepidoptera of North Uist, and very few insects were really common. On the heather larvae of Lasiocampa quercus were plentiful enough and widespread. The ‘‘ bratag ”’ (the larva of Macrothylacia rubi) was far below the usual in point of numbers and was miserably small when we left. Locally, as on the moorlands above Loch Eport, larvae ‘of Dicranura vinula, L., could be taken freely on Salix aurita, as could those of Acalla hastiana. The imagines seen and captured included Polyommatus icarus, Aglais urticae, Coenonympha tullia, Lycophotia strigula, Cerapteryxr graminis, Agrotis tritici, Leucania pallens, Hydroecia lucens, Xylophasia monoglypha and Simaethis fabriciana.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham, Newcastle-

upon-Tyne,

COLLECTING NOTES. 27

Tur RANGE OF THE GREASY F'RITILLARY (HUPHYDRYAS AURINIA) IN THE HEBRIDES AND Some PossisLeE Drepucrions 'l'HEREFROM. —In the course of our various expeditions in the Inner and Outer Hebrides we have en- countered EH. aurinia in the Isles of Gunna and Tiree (v.-c. 103) and Rhum (v.-c. 104), whilst other workers have reported it from Islay and Jura. Of the latter occurrences we have little to say. However, the imagines taken on Gunna approach go very closely indeed to the Irish race preclara that one feels that the two populations are genetically connected. Now, Gunna is a very small island, lying a few hundred yards from the south-west of Coll, and cleariy has been separated from it quite recently. Furthermore, Coll produces such well-known Irish plants (belonging to the American element in the British flora) as the Irish ‘‘ Ladies’ Tresses’’ Orchid, the ‘‘ Blue Eyed Grass,’’ and the ‘‘ Pipewort.’? Since these are absent from the Scottish mainland, their evidence, combined with the presence of the “ Fritillary ” and _the ‘‘ Irish Burnet ’’ on Gunna, forces one at once to the conclusion that not only has the Tiree-Coll group been. severed from Scotland prior to parting company with Jreland, but also has received some of its plants and animals from the latter country. Of much the same import are the indications of the magnificent raised beaches on the nearby Treshnish Islands. If, now, we take into consideration such pertinent facts as the occurrence of the humble bee Bombus smithianus and Nyssia zonaria in the Coll, Tiree and Gunna group, as well as in the west of Ireland and in the Outer Hebrides, we can reach only one con- clusion, and that is that all three areas must have been linked together, and not with Scotland, at some fairly recent time, possibly in early Post-glacial times or in some Inter-glacial period. Similarly, attach- ing due weight to ali the circumstances, we realize that the Rhum-Eigg group of islands must have been connected with the same area and not with Skye or the mainland. These conclusions would reverse many views on the matter held previously, but weuld, nevertheless, explain many anomalies in distribution exhibited by various members of the Hebridean and Irish floras and faunas.—J. W. Herstop, HaRRIson, King’s College, University of Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Tue First British REcorRp or PrRocus (MIANA) VERSICOLOR, BkH.— In the Entomologist’s Record for February 1940 (p. 19) my son, Cap- tain J. Heslop Harrison, drew attention to the fact that he had cap- tured specimens of Procus versicolor on the Isle of Raasay in July 1936. Further, it should be noted that I myself took the species on the same island in 1935. In addition, my son emphasized the fact that, working on preparations of the genitalia of these specimens with the aid of ‘papers sent to us by Heydemann and Wolff, we had not only determined the species to be Procus versicolor, but had recorded them as such in the Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical Society in 1937 (7th April). Im spite of this, although its author was already in possession of our-publication, a paper entitled ‘‘ A New British Noctuid: Procus versicolor, Bkh.,’’ appeared in the Entomologist (Vol. lxxiil, March 1940)—just three years later! To correct this, Captain Heslop Harrison sent a short note to the Record setting out the facts; this appeared in November 1940. Im view of the care we had taken to maintain the accuracy of the historicai records in respect to Procus

28 ; ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111/1943

versicolor, our surprise may easily be imagined when, on receiving the February 1942 number of the Record, we observed on page (7) of the ‘* Records and Full Descriptions of Varieties and Aberrations ”’ a re- petition of the same old claim. Mr A. Richardson is represented as exhibiting ‘‘ A series of ten Oligia (Miana) versicolor, including the first two British specimens, both melanic varieties; Forest of Dean.” I ask how this can be correct, or maintained, when the original British specimens came from the Isle of Raasay, were, in our possession, and had been properly put on record, but for different reasons, on three previous occasions.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s College, Univer- sity of Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

STILBIA ANOMALA, Haw. on THE ISLES oF Barra, COLL, AND SouTH Rona.—In the Inner Islands this species has only fallen to our nets on Coll and South Rona, the former to the west of Mull and the latter to the east of Skye. In South Rona, the species appears to be far from rare near Dry Harbour in the west and the cave in the east. On Coll, it seems to be rare, for we only encountered it once, and that on the rocks south of Loch-a-Mhill Aird. On Barra, in the Outer Isles, it had already been taken by Edinburgh workers in 1936 whereas our captures took, place in August 1939.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

MIANA EXPOLITA IN AN INLAND STATION IN DurHAM.—This insect, as is well known, flies commonly on the Durham coast in hollows on the top of the cliffs. Of recent years, I have found it in great abundance on the Magnesian limestone on the roadside between Bowburn and Quarrington Hill, well inland—J. W. Hestor Harrison, King’s Col- lege, University of Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Nore oN THE CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE. —If Dr Balfour-Browne will read my note again he will find that I did not maintain the species merely on a difference in the colour of the caterpillars. I gave a reference to Durand’s paper, where. other re- ferences to the literature can be found, but in my summary I pointed out that there are differences in pattern as well as in colour between the larvae of serophulariae and lychnitis, and that the imagines can be distinguished by an expert, if they are in a fresh condition. The genitalia of scrophulariae and lychnitis are very much alike, but Boursin claims that there are slight but constant differences. The genitalia of verbasci are easily distinguishable from either, and there can be no doubt that it is specifically distinct from both. There are biological and structural differences between scrophulariae and lychnitts, apart from the differences in the pattern and coloration of the larvae and in the colour of the imagines, and I think all the differences taken to- gether are sufficient to establish their specific rank.—E. A. CocKAyNs5, D.M., F.R:C.P., 4.3.19438.

A Note on SPHECIA BEMBECIFORMIS, Hitip.—At this season of the year, when the ‘‘ hedgers and ditchers ”’ are busy cutting down the tall sallows in overgrown hedges, it is always worth while finding out if this insect occurs in one’s district. The Lunar Hornet Clear- Wing is said to be widely spread throughout the United Kingdom and

CURRENT NOYES. 29

probably it is to be found wherever sallows (particularly S. cinerea, L.) are plentiful. During a winter walk over the Welsh hills recently I found the burrows made by the larva in a number of stems cut by the ‘“ hedgers ’’; there were four in one three-inch stem, each hole being large enough to admit the tip of my little finger. In other stems the emergence holes could be seen, mostly from four to eight inches above the ground. On visiting the spot a week later I noticed that the larvae had stopped up with chewed wood the burrows exposed at the cut end of the stems lying prone. I used to find the ova of this moth, in West Herts, on the underside of sallow leaves (always S. cimerea) and for some time I thought they were ova of Cerura furcula, which, viewed by the unaided eye, they resemble superficially. So I concluded that C. furcula laid its eggs on both upper and under surfaces of the leaf. But the larvae which hatched from these ova laid on the underside of the leaf were not at all like furcula and they promptly proceeded to burrow down the petiole! J do not remember rearing them to the imago state but have no doubt at all as te what they were.—P. B. M. Atuan, New- town, Mont.

BEHAVIOUR OF LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS, L., RACE CALLUNAE, LarvaE.— _A larva of this species found on May 12th behaved in rather an odd way. It ate hawthorn and grew slowly and steadily until the beginning of June, when it disappeared under some moss in the cage, being at that time (as I thought) a full-grown female larva. On July 12th, five weeks later, I removed the moss and found the larva curled up asleep. It had had no food all this time and had made no cocoon, but had spun a few strands of silk to hold the moss in position over it. The dis- turbance roused it to a sense of duty, and that evening it mounted the foodplant, which I had replaced, and began to eat. For six nights it ate, then went back under the moss, apparently to finish its sleep. There it remained until August 2nd, when it reappeared of its own accord, wandered about the cage for twelve hours, selected a suitable corner, and proceeded to spin up.—P. B. M. Attan, Newtown.

a ee

CURRENT NOTES.

THE last issue (October 1942) of the San Francisco, California, maga- zine, The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, contains a long detailed account of the Mass-movements of Vanessa cardui, L., during the year 1941, in Utah, Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, California, and New Mexico. It is illustrated by a useful diagram showing areas and direc- tions of the various movements, the text giving the dates. At the be- ginning of this important detailed note of a dozen pages these move- ments are called dispersal flights. But later, the inappropriate and misleading term ‘‘ Migration ’’ is used. This term has been so long used in describing human movements that it has acquired specific as- sociations which are impossible of application in the case of an in- vertebrate insect. The human brain is actively working in the migration of man, and even in vertebrate animals we have the

30 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1943

direct stimulation of hunger, etc., and such movements (and tech- nically tor the migration of birds) are thus direct results of the observational and mental powers of the necessitous creatures. In the case of insects and of all animals, which undergo metamorphoses, the feeding and growing stages are definitely separated by a delayed action stage which precludes the existence of stimuli such as are evident in all human activity to which the term ‘‘ migration ’’ has been and is ap- plied. It does seem necessary in all subjects of research to use terms appropriate to the subject and not to use terms already specialized in use. The misuse of terms already with a definite specific meaning acts as does a false propaganda effort and misleads in the consideration of the subject under discussion. Jn the present instance the term ‘“‘ dis- persal”’ is possibly the correct term to use even rather better than ‘mass movement.”’

We read in a recent number of the Ent. News of America of a curi- ous feature in the investigation of the occurrence of Jungle Fever in Colombia.. This disease is carried by a mosquito. The puzzle has been the complete absence of this fly at certain periods, especially during the dry season, while the disease went on. At last 4t was discovered that the mosquito involved is an inhabitant of tree tops. and can be found there when it is not to be found when sought at ground level. This fact, of course, needed a much more difficult plan to deal with this mosquito than with most others. As one of those engaged in the work said, it was necessary ‘‘ to associate with the monkeys in the high tops above the jungle.’’ The same magazine contains (1) a description of a more recent apparatus to obtain insects at light, with figures of the mechanism used to record the results. (2) The decease of Dr Anton von Schultess-Schindler, who was the President of the 3rd International Entomological Congress at Zurich in 1925. He was a great student of the Order Hymenoptera. |

OnE would like to have a series of records of first appearances in this early spring-like weather. It is noted that bees have been very abundant around flowering trees like the Prunus and Almond.

Mr F. N. Prerce has just distributed his new volume, The Female Genitalia of the Noctuidae. The list of subscribers is a remarkably small one. In-fact, the Amateur Entomologists from the British Isles number about two dozen, and the remainder, less than 50 copies, include publishers’ copies. It seems that all such research work must be a * labour-of love.” :

Country-Side is being carried on for 1943 as sufficient subscribers have come forward to aid. It is a good all-round magazine of general natural history and for the lover of nature and not on the specialist’s side.

SHorr? articles and records will be very welcome as the year goes on. If our subscribers would look through their series for any abnormal forms they may have, particularly noting the areas from whence they come and comparing it with series from their own home area.

Lo Zoolnay aN ‘S :

is 12 g I0 ‘THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR varieties AP R 23 19489)

ig ak* *¢ Gliedweich-Eule.’’ The group description refers to the fasctae con-

verging on the inner margin of the forewings of the imago and also of the stigmata forming a minor convergence within the former.

Illiger, N. Ausg. Verz. (1801), I, 285, said the cucubali was the rivularis of Fab., Ent. Sys., (1794) IIT (2), 101 (i.e. Sys. Hnt. (1775), 613), and the cucubali of Brahm and of Bork.

Ernst & Engr., Pap. dEur., VII, 80, f. 463 a-c (1790), gave three good figures, ¢, 2 and under, and said that it was the rivularis, Fb. (1775), and the cucubali of Schiff. and of other authors.

Bork., Naturg., IV, 366 (1792), agreed that cucubali was rivularis, Fb. (1775), and pointed out that Fab. had probably made his descrip- tion from a faded example from which the ‘‘ fascia purpurea ”’ was lost in the grey, and differed from capsincola only by being smaller and by the yellow edging of the markings. He put the triangularis, Thunb., as a synonym, and referred to De Vill., Ent. Linn., II, 259 (rivularis), 652 (cucubali), and to 275, manicata (purpurascentibus, strigis undu- latis) as a synonym.

Esp., Abbild., IV, Noct., II (1), p. 656, plt. 173, 6 (1792+ ?), gave a figure he called cucubal.

Hb., Samml. Noct., 56 (1800-3), gave a good figure, l.c., and re- ferred to Schiff. in his Text, p. 173.

Treit., Schm. Noct., V (1), 312 (1825), pointed out that the citation by Bork.. of manicata, Se Vill., and of filigrana, Esp., to this species were errors, the Farner being peondis and the latter filigr ama, a good species (which the text of Esper proved).

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 331, plt. 93, 5 (1826), gave a somewhat poor figure with too emphasized contrast between the ground colour and the main characteristic markings.

Freyer, Beitr., II, 128, plt. 88 (1829), gave a very good figure in which the small lighter markings were apparent but not emphasized. In his New. Beitr., V, 142, plt. 467, 4 (1845), he figured another some- what curious example under the name behenis, which most authors compider a form of cucubali (rivularis).

Guen., Hist. Nat., VI, 21 (1852). He said this was the rivularis, Fb., 300, and referred to Engr., 403 a, b, c.

Barrett, l.c., plt. 163, gave two figures, both showing the purple of fresh examples, but neither agree with his description, which stated that the species ‘‘ may be recognized by the connected stigmata.”’

Stder., Cat., IIled., 163 (1901), treated behenis, Frr., and rivosa, Stroem, as synonyms. are |

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 179, plt. 37, 27 (1905), gave one figure under the name rivosa and dealt with one form ab. behenis, Frr.

‘South, M.B.J., II, 251, plt. 124, f. 5-6 (1907), gave two figures, re- productions witch show the alinack impossible distinction from the so closely allied species capsincola, when without the violet tinge present in the cucwbali.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 75 (1909), gave two figures, plt. 17 g, gd and ©@ of the typical form but there is no ‘‘ purple’’ sheen, and two figures, 17h, ¢ and @ of mandarina, Leech. They gave as synonyms of rivularis, Fb., cucubali, Esp., rivosa, Strom. Ab. behenis, Frr., was the other of the two forms included.

(90) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. * 15/11/1943

Culot, N. et G., I (1), 119, plt. 20, f. 17 (1911), gave a good figure showing its distinctive characteristic.

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 102 (1934), used the name rivularis, Fb., for this species and reported one new form.

Barrett remarked on the Variation :— ~

‘“* Usually very little variable, except in the depth of the dark mark- ing and the liability to the aa fading of the purple colour.” -

The Names and Forms to be considered :— rivularis, Fb. (1775), Sys: Ent., 613, 99. syn. cucubali, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 84, P. (nondescript). syn. rivosa, Strom. (1783), ‘‘ Norsk. Ins., IV,’’. Danske Vid. Selsk. schrft. Alo 7, fig. syn. triangularis, Thnbg. (1784), Diss. Ins. Sve., p. 3. ab. behents, Frr. (1845), New. Beitr., V, 142, plt. 467, 4. ssp. mandarina, Leech (1900), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 51. ab. conjuncta, Klem. (1912), Spraw. Kom. Krak., XLVI, 11.

Tutt dealt with (1) the typical form as described by Fiiessly (New. Mag., II, 218 (1785) and (2) behents, Frr., with slightly pale costal line.

rivosa, Strom. (Norske Ins., IV), Danske Vid. Selsk. Schrft., II 77 (1783), fig.

This author, of whom Hagen gave a notice with a summary of his entomological work in the Stett. Ent. Zeitg., XXXIV, 225 et seq. (1870), seems to have been overlooked by his contemporaries and authors of the early half of last century, when so much entomological literature was turned out. He was a Norwegian pastor and his writings were con- tributed to Danish and Norwegian publications, but very little is known of him, even Zetterstedt-in his great work, Insect. Lappon., does not refer to him. : ; .

All later authors who refer to rivosa report it as cucubali (rivularis).

triangularis, Thunb., Diss. Ins. Sve., p. 3 (1784). .

Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Alae deflexae fuscae: anticae supra _ pallido nigroque undulatae et reticulatae. In medio alae versus marginem exteriorem macula magna triangularis, vix ad inferiorem marginem extensa, flavo marginata. Pone’ hance fascia dentata, postice flavo marginata. Ipse margo albo-nigroque dentatus. Intra marginem ordo punctorum, circiter septem, nigrorum, lunarium, antice flavo-margina- torum. Stigmata ordinaria nulla distincta.’’ ‘‘ Magnitudo, statura and fascies N. typicae.’’

Werneb., Beitr., II, 199 (1864), determined this as rivularis, Fb.

race mandarina, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., 51 (1900).

_ Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ These specimens are tinged with violet as in Hadena cucubali and the markings are somewhat suffused; the second- aries are also darker than in-European specimens.’’ Japan. Of this Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., V, 194 (1905), said ‘‘ Darker, browner, and without* the violaceous tinge; the annuli of stigmata and subterminal

*This is an absolute error.

a a

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (91)

line whiter.’’—Japan, China. Strange to say Leech gave the species name of this form as capsincola.

ab. conjuncta, Klem., Spraw. Kom. Krak., XLVI, 11 (1912). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Alae anteriores maculis ambabus in costa subdor- sali late confluentibus.’’ Poland.

Dianthoecia, Bdv. (1840). Most authors. [Polia, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25), Hamps.: Harmodia, Hb. (1819), Meyr., Warr.-Stz., Meyr., Drdt.] albimacula (1792).

Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 33 (1892): Meyr., Handbk., 77 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., IV, 249, plt. 143, 3 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 162 (1901): Hamps., Lep. Phal., V, 207 (1905): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 178, plt. 37, 24 (1905): South, M.B.I., I, 249, plt. 124, 1 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., 111, 77, plt..18 ¢ (1909): Culot; N. ef G., I-(1), 117, plt. 20, 10 (1911): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 147 (1928): Drdt., Pal. Noct., Supp., II, 105, plt. 18k (1934).

The early authors seemed very contused over this species. [Illiger, Esper, Borkhausen, Fabricius, ete., considering it came under compta, conspersa, etc.

Hsp., Abbild., IV, Noct. I, p. 274, plt 117 A, 7 (1790 + ?), gave a_ good figure of albimacula as we know it, under the name compta. Plt. 119 (40), f. 6, has been cited for it. Esper named it compta on the plate, but in the text published later named it conspersa-minor, of which he then considered it a small aberrant form.

Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Europe, VI, 84, f. 331 a, b (1788), gave two excellent figures of a species new to them, recognized by Bork. as his albimacula, Natg., IV, 149 (1792). .

Bork., Natg., IV, 150 (1792), considered albimacula might be an aberration of sompta, Schiff., Verz., 70, F. 5 (1775).

Wernbg., Beitr., I, 414 (1864), said the compta of the Verz. was confusa, Hufn.,; and compta, Treit.

Hb., Samml. Noct., 51 (1800-3), gave an excellent figure of a form with red-brown ground under the name concina,* which in his text, p. 175,